A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry

The play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† by Lorraine Hansberry has many intriguing characters. As I would see it, the most interesting character is Ruth Younger, in view of her numerous feelings and dazzling identity. She experiences outrageous feelings in the play, for example, happiness, trouble, outrage, push, and so on. In the play, Ruth is extremely independent, kind, and adoring. Ruth has a captivating identity. She is exceptionally adoring towards her family. She will do all in her capacity to enhance the way of life of her family. Ruth endeavors to make the best of things. As successfully depicted in the film using high contrast, the loft needs daylight and the glow a home needs and individuals hunger for. In the midst of her grim life in the confined flat, she coordinates all her vitality toward the joy of her child and spouse. She is baffled since life has not satisfied her desires. Because of her stale position, she is â€Å"known among her people a ‘settled lady'†. She agrees to fulfillment instead of searching out satisfaction. With lease to pay and a family to think about, she has surrendered any considerations of a superior future for herself. Rather, she raises Travis and backings Walter with an end goal to think about their fantasies. She attempts to veil her own discontent in plans to fortify the family soul and urge them to see the positive qualities in the revolting. Her dynamic commitment to deal with the family is customarily misused and negated by Mama. In their real scene, a significant number of Ruth's activities are addressed by Mama including her treatment of Travis. Having her maternal endeavors overridden by Mama wounds Ruth's mind. Subsequently, she frequently feels uprooted. Her activities appear to be futile in light of the fact that she isn't permitted to totally accept the familial job of mother. In her disappointing cycle of benevolent activities to disregard the unforgiving substances Ruth even thinks about a premature birth to shield her family from another troublesome issue. She leaves herself to the choice on the grounds that â€Å"a woman will do anything for her family† regardless of how revolting it might be. At the point when Mama informs the family concerning the house, Ruth gauges the positives and negatives of the decision, decides this is a change for her family, and endeavors to fortify the great characteristics about the move. It likewise helps that she sees the change as something to be thankful for herself as she cheerfully expresses â€Å"this is my time in life†. Actually, it is, yet she is clashed on the grounds that Walter isn't content with the choice which undermines her objective to guarantee her family satisfaction. For her, development and additionally change of any sort is a change, so she grasps the choice in spite of the fact that it is one that achieves another arrangement of issues because of negative race relations. Gratefully, she can enjoy the house and see Walter cheerful as Mama hands over the job of leader of the family to him. The restored certainty of Walter prompts a retouching of his and Ruth's relationship and her job as guardian, spouse, and mother.

Dream House Essay

Everyone has their own thoughts about their dream house.  These days homes are more affordable because of the economy and all the foreclosures makes it much easier to afford a really nice house. My dream house is not a fancy house that I could never afford; its a home I could see my wife and I having in the future. I have seen many homes that I thought to myself, this house would be perfect. A few characteristics I want to describe about my dream house are the appearance, location, and decor. I want my house to have a nice large home with coffee stained wood finish on the outside full of crystal clear windows of all different sizes. I imagine as you walk into my home there would be high ceilings and hanging over the entryway would be a big crystal chandelier. When entering the home, there would also be a place for you to hang your coat, rest, and take off your shoes from a long day’s work. I want a house that is not brand new but not too old either because I do not want to have fix the house constantly or hear the creaking floors while walking around. I always thought it would be nice to have solar panels, a windmill, and a garden so I can be self reliant. The grass would be a bright healthy green almost as if it was not real. Around the house would be a large fence to allow for our privacy and to keep the animals in. My dream house will be in a community, but I want it to be in an area that is not to busy for convenience and for the safety of our future children. I always thought it would be nice to have a couple of acres for my dogs to run about and a beautiful lake stocked with fish for the dogs to go into and cool off during the hot summers. Illinois is a beautiful state and would be a nice place to settle down and have this dream house. Another significant thing about the home would be the long cobblestone driveway you would have to travel up leading to our home and front porch. It would also be nice to have a day room attached to the house with windows that easily open and close so my wife could sit out there in the winter to smoke and not be so cold. I want the inside to be tasteful, like I imagine a doctor’s home looking. There would be two floors and a basement. When you first walk in, you see the family room which is very calm and relaxing. You continue to the kitchen and dining room with an open floor plan. The basement would be split in half for both my wife and I. My part of the basement would be man themed, full of energy and excitement. There would be a pool table, arcade style games, a shadow box full of military memorabilia, big televisions, and gaming systems. My wife and I would have the master suite upstairs with a California king Temporpedic bed sitting with a beautiful oak finished baseboard and headboards, an enormous television, big bay windows to allow the cool breezes in during the hot, humid summers, and big dark curtains to keep the sun out during the mornings. I do not have any children currently but hope to have one or two in the future and they would also have bedroom up stairs. I would like their bedrooms to be kid oriented so for example if we have a boy nice blues and clouds or jungle with animals. If its a girl then pinks and pony’s or whatever it is my wife decides. My dream home will have an elegant appearance, be in a convenient location, and be tastefully decorated. I also believe a home like this would be perfect for the holidays or family gathering and would allow me to see my family more. These are all the things that would make my home perfect for my wife and I in addition I look forward to making this dream home a reality.

Traditions of modern Greece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Traditions of modern Greece - Essay Example Some explanation of the key Greek customs and traditions are below: Usually the Greek’s name themselves on the names of the Gods and other pious personalities. According to the Greek traditions, it is essential for the Greek to celebrate his name derivation from the God when the church celebrates the name of that God on a specific day annually. On the â€Å"name day† of an individual, the acquaintances and relatives of that individual call or visit him with no prior notice to give him blessing and warm wishes. According to the â€Å"name day† tradition, the rich Greeks accompany gifts on the visits as well symbolizing there position in the society. The host of the house presents the guests with many sweet delicacies (Gruen, pp. 49-55). The Festivities on the name day are more than on the birthday and are more important to the Greeks. The Greeks also have strong and very differential customs and traditions on Weddings and Engagements. It is compulsory for all Greeks to tie into engagement before the marriage. The man has to propose first which is similar in all cultures but the difference in the Greek custom is that the Greek man has to ask the father of the woman for acceptance first then only he can propose. When the father and the woman agree, then priest sanctifies the rings and the rings are then can only be worn on the left ring finger. The most common blessing the guests offer are â€Å"kala stephana† and â€Å"I ora I kali†. The Greeks have strong customs of marriage as well. In most of the small cities and villages, the dowry system exists. In the Dowry system, the family of the bride gives the groom family with huge presents. The presents are usually hand made by the female members of the bride’s family to symbolize there intense love for their daughter. However, this custom is no longer valid in big cities. On the wedding day, it is mandatory for the bride and grooms not

Career Management in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Career Management in Business - Essay Example â€Å"This section asks you to reflect on THREE significant experiences/incidents where you have learned a new, or developed an existing, skill or competence. These experiences/incidents could be based in any relevant context (e.g. work, university, home, social clubs etc.) but must refer to skills that you believe will be important in your future employment and career.†Ã‚  I was once interviewing a possible candidate for a position with the company and when I asked her why she wanted to change her work situation she informed me that it was her family situation which was forcing her to do so. I was shocked to hear it and when I asked for an explanation she told me how her father had died recently and she had to work to make ends meet rather than go to college. I was quite taken by the situation and decided to give her the job even though she scored very poorly on the interview and the skills evaluations text. In due course, she turned out to be completely incompetent on the jo b and I had to let her go after a few months of trying to deal with her.  What I learnt from this experience is that business decisions must not be made with emotional viewpoints and rational evaluations need to be made in order to get to the right decision. Simply hiring someone because they need the job could be a disservice to both them and the company because they would hurt the company and even hurt their own future prospects if they are not with the company for a significant period of time. This realisation jumped at me as it was fully explained by Welch (2005).  The skill that I developed was the skill of looking at a situation with rationality and it can certainly be applied to the development of my career. I can be rational about my objectives and about my aims with regard to where I want to be in a few years time and what I need to do in order to get there.

Bankruptcy of WorldCom Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bankruptcy of WorldCom - Case Study Example It was at this point the company began drifting. Political behavior is something which is self-serving in nature and is not at all accepted by any organization. Political behavior has a numerous negative consequences which may result in conflicts and disharmony within the organization. Such disharmony and conflicts can be noticed when people in an organization pit against one another or even against the organization. We can observe this kind politics been played by the employees of WorldCom. There was an instance when the Controller of the company David Myers made a false accounting entry of $370 millions as accruals. David Myers first asked the Director of International Fixed costs Mr. Timothy Schneberger to release the above mentioned amount as accruals. But as her refused to do that and also denied to provide the account number to Myers to make the entry, another senior manager in General accounting named Betty Vinson helped Myers in the task. The account number was obtained by Vinson from a lower level analyst in Schneberger's group and after this the entry was made by one of the subordinate of the analyst. This practice of releasing accruals as and when required continued and employees in the General accounting department also started doing the same thing. All this happened without the employees consulting their superiors or the department heads'. One more relevant incident happened when the General accounting department released an amount of $281 millions against line costs from the tax department's accruals and the tax department was not aware of this act until the year 2001. The release of undue and false figures of accruals was easily done by making the employees act one against other. The work that was to be actually done by the respective employees was carried out by employees in a different department who were actually loyal to the top management rather than company. When David Schneeman, the acting CFO of UUNET refused to book 9 line accruals as instructed by David Myers for his business unit, s taff in the department of general accounting made the entry. Finally, it so happened that an amount of $3.3 billions were released in a span of only one year. The corporate environment of WorldCom was not so healthy. The finance department of the company was located at Jackson, Mississippi. The department had none of the senior lawyers located in Jackson. The lawyers were kept away from the inner circle of the company or it's CEO. They were consulted only when the CEO Ebbers felt some necessity. Never was an advice given by the lawyers was like by Mr. Ebbers. He used to convey them personally, his displeasure about the advice, if any, given by them. The culture of WorldCom was created in such a way that the legal function was less influential and was not welcomed by a healthy corporate environment or culture. There was a sever attitude problem among the employees of WorldCom. The attitude of the employees sent a clear message that none of the employees should question their superiors and need to simply do what was instructed to them. Even the senior managers of different departments were not excluded from this. In fact, they used to face personal criticism and threats. A relevant example for this happened in the year 1999. One of the senior managers in the General accounting department was warned by Buddy Yates, director of General Accounting for showing the actual accounting figures in the accounts of the

Copy right and plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Copy right and plagiarism - Essay Example The resources are the book CAE and the documentary presspauseplay. The documentary presspauseplay relates with the CAE in that they are talking about the existence of the same phenomena. The documentary talks about the internet and technology in relation to artistry, creativity and talent. It poses the question as to whether the use of technology in the art world is a development or the beginning of the end of the talent world. The CAE on the other hand talks about plagiarism and its usage before, now and the future and whether it is good for the art world as well. There is a similarity in the thinking of the two works of art in that the documentary interviews world renowned and influential creators of the digital era who talk about the goodness of the digital technological advancement even if it infringes on the copyright issue. Musicians like Lykke Li and Robyn think that technology is a blessing. Robyn says that â€Å"several years ago it was hard to even produce a song since you needed to be older, have a little recording money and know the crà ¨me de la crà ¨me of the industry and it took months to do what can now be done in five minutes†(Press Pause Play). Lykke Li also thanks the internet and technology because she says, â€Å"I would not be here I’m here because of the Internet. I would probably not be here without the Internet†. CAE also talk about some influential people who thank the internet and technology as being the factors to placing them where they are at the time. An example from the book is Theodor Nelson who studied computer programming in the 1960s say, â€Å"over the periods I came to realize that although programmers structured their data hierarchically, they didn’t have to. I began to see the computer as the ideal place for making interconnections among things accessible to people†(CAE). This was also seconded by Vannevarbush and his

Trial Proceedings Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Trial Proceedings - Research Paper Example There are various steps involved in the process of criminal justice; the basic ones involved are: 1. Investigation of the crime by the police force. This is done to gather the evidence which will identify the suspect in that certain criminal case and will support the arrest. Search – inspecting a certain property or a person – is an important part of the investigation. A standard of proof that is required for search is probable case. Probable case refers to the existence of facts that would indicate that there is evidence of criminal play found at a certain place. 2. If enough evidence is found to make a case, the arrest of the suspect by police force follows – the person charged with a crime is taken in the custody to be held as a suspect until the court rules on this case. To make an arrest, a legal requirement is that of probable cause. Probable cause refers to the existence of a reasonable link between the suspect and the alleged crime. 3. The prosecution of defendant (criminal) is done by the district attorney. To charge the suspect with a crime, the prosecutors have to weigh different factors like the evidence’s strength and the seriousness of crime/offense that defendant is being charged with. 4. Indictment by grand jury or information filing by prosecutor. When prosecution is done for capital offense, an indictment is a necessary requirement under the criminal procedure’s federal rules. A prosecutor has a choice of information or the indictment in the cases that have imprisonment as punishment of the crime. In almost half of the states as well as the federal system, it is the grand jury’s decision whether or not to bring the charges up in a closed hearing against the person if evidence is provided only by the prosecutor. The defendant holds no right of being present at proceedings of the grand jury or get representation by a defence attorney in front of the grand jury. Probable cause is a standard to indict the person for a certain crime. In other states, charging document is filed by a prosecutor. The preliminary hearing then assesses if enough evidence exists to start the trial. To dispute the charges, the defendant or his/her attorney can attend this hearing. 5. Arrangement by the judge. Before the trial starts, the defendant appears in the court to enter a plea. Guilty or not guilty are the most common types of pleas. 6. Pre-trial detention or bail. The temporary custody which the suspect is held in prior to the trial is referred to as detention. The money paid by the defendant to ensure that the suspect makes an appearance for the trial is called the bail. 7. Plea bargaining is done between the prosecutor and defence attorney. This is done usually when the defendant has agreed to plead guilty and in exchange the charges or sentence is reduced for him/her. 8. Trial of guilt with participation of defence attorney and prosecutor by the judge or a jury. A trial before the jury or a judge is held; for a criminal conviction, the standard of the evidence is the guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, which means that even if there isn’t 100 percent certainty, there is more than enough probability. The accused has the entitlement to be acquitted if there is a reasonable doubt. 9. The sentencing. If the defendant is found guilty, the judge passes a sentence. The sentence varies according to the seriousness of

Sex, Lies and Conversation Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sex, Lies and Conversation Article - Essay Example Particularly, girls and women usually face each other in a direct manner, anchoring their eyes on the interlocutor’s face. Unlike women, man and boys, regardless of age, tend to sit at angles to each other. Moreover, they typically do not fix on each other’s eyes but rather look elsewhere around. Only periodically do they glance at their interlocutors. At the same time, as Tannen observes, males are evidently attuned to each other, which becomes clear as one sees their echoing movements. Misunderstandings arise because women often think that if men do not face them directly or face away, they do not listen or are unwilling to talk. For instance, one girl found herself really frustrated once she started talking to her boyfriend. Whenever she told him she would like to talk, he would just lie down on the room’s floor, put his hands over the face, close his eyes, and listen to her while staying in such position. For him, that obviously meant that he was super concen trated as normally he would rather look around his room and could be distracted easily. As he lied down on and closed his eyes, he was able to follow the conversation in a more effective manner (Tannen). Another example is a conversation observed by Tannen between two boys in the 10th grade. The boys were sharing their problems. Their position was as follows: sprawled across chairs, keeping their bodies parallel, looking straight ahead and rarely glancing at each other, the boys â€Å"looked as if they were riding in a car, staring out the windshield† (Tannen). Of course, it is hard to imagine two girls sharing about their problems and feelings in a similar physical position. Next, there is a difference in how men and women focus on topics while talking. While for men it is typical to change topics frequently, women like to talk a lot about one topic. Tannen observed that while the second grade girls were telling each other stories about people they were familiar with, boys o f this age jumped from one topic to another: teased each other, spotted things in the room, told jokes, and talked about finding a game to play. Similarly, the girls in the sixth grade would talk at length about some problem (a mutual friend, for example), whereas boys at this age talked about as many as 55 topics, different from each other and each lasting just for a few turns. As a result, for women it is unnatural to switch topics in a conversation and they think men do not listen if they tend to change topics. Moreover, there is a clear difference as to how men and women perceive the role of talk. For a male, a talk is a means of showing his independence and maintaining his status, since men’s perception of the world is hierarchical. Men feel as if they were on guard to protect their statuses and to prevent being pushed around or pushed down. Tannen writes that for a man a talk is a way to establish a position in a group so that the one who is talking is perceived as the one who has power. On the contrary, women perceive talk as a way to form and maintain intimate relationships and closeness. Specifically, a conversation is like a cornerstone of friendly relationship for women. It is an instrument to keep close and see that you are loved. Therefore, men feel challenged to talk at public more than women. At the same time, women prefer to talk more at home where they feel relaxed, free from fear of being misunderstood, pushed away, sounding offensive

Poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Poem - Essay Example em for the country because of the illegal immigrants that find themselves immersing themselves into our society, I cannot help but think about whether they too are thinking along the terms of the â€Å"The Melting Pot† when they decided to come and try their luck in entering the United States. This is perhaps a mentality and a belief that has not changed for the immigrants because it is the very idea that has been fed to them for generations. Thus, â€Å"The Melting Pot† has become the official name for the American immigrant culture where they arrive as foreigners but become American. Yet becoming an American never meant that they had to give up who they are as foreigners to this land. That is what makes me sad. For as long as foreigners in the United States are not forced to give up their past in favor of the traditions and culture of their current homeland, immigration, both legal and illegal, could very well be the demise of the great country known as the United States of

Personal Case Study Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Paper - Case Study Example Role conflict can come in various forms. Role conflict usually comes in the form of status, role, and expectation. There are a number of academic researchers that have been carried out with regard to role conflict. This paper aims at discussing how academic research relates to role conflict. There is always a variance in opinions when it comes to how role conflicts should be handled. However, what is certain is that the manner in which you manage role conflict determines how it will affect your organization. Regardless of the roles played or the individuals involved in a conflict both sides are always negatively affected by the conflict. Berko, Aitken & Wolvin asserts that when interdependent individuals or groups happen to have views, opinions, values, and goals that are conflicting it will be hard for them to work for a common course (Berko, Aitken & Wolvin, 2010). People who ignore role conflicts have a higher possibility of failing as compared to those who acknowledge their existence and work towards solving them. To make sure that role conflicts are put under control roles of the various individuals and groups that are interdependent should be defined. This will help everyone understand the boundaries of their roles and the importance of their role to the common purpose. When choosing or allocating roles you should make sure that people or groups are given the roles that they are best in. This will be in the bid of making sure that everyone is comfortable with the roles that they are supposed to play (Settles, Sellers & Damas Jr, 2002). This will mean that by the end of the day everyone would have played their roles and since the common course is dependent on the individual roles the common course will be achieved. However, Beaucham and bray asserts that letting people and groups play the roles that they are best in will reduce the possibility of there being complaints from the other individuals or groups involved in the course (Beauchamp &

A Streetcar Named Desire Essay Example for Free

A Streetcar Named Desire Essay In this play there are three main characters Blanche, Stanley and Stella. The play is set in New Orleans in a place named Elysian Fields which runs between L N tracks and the river. Stella and Stanley are married and living together as man and wife in their little apartment. Blanche is Stellas sister. Blanche and Stella both used to live in Belle Reve. Blanche turns up on Stellas door step having lost Belle Reve and her job as a teacher. She has no money and no place to go. She is relying on her sister and her husband to support her. On her arrival she insulted Stellas husband and Stella herself but still expects them to look after her as if it were their duty. Blanche takes them both for granted and in scene one says Im not going to be put up at a hotel. I want to be near you. As soon as Blanche sees Stanley she finds something strangely attractive, she doesnt know why or what it is, he is distant towards her, does not pay her compliments like she is used to and she finds this attractive, he is quite a challenge to her even if he is her brother in law but there is something there that she finds irresistible, the first time they meet he is very blunt in the way he talks and brash, he has no respect for women of any kind, he does what he wants, when he wants and how he wants to do it, the first time they meet he walks in asks if she minds if he takes his top off after a long day at work but before she replies he has already removed it, he wasnt really interested in her answer it was just like a formality a moment of politeness. This is when she notices him and sees something she likes. This makes us think that Blanche may be jealous of the relationship between her sister and Stanley. Perhaps she likes the idea of this man treating her differently to the way she has been treated before, she likes him having power over her, being manly In scene two Stanley questions Blanche on the loss of Belle Reve. Blanche is secretive and tries to avoid the subject, she does not want to argue over such trivial matters and should not want to upset her sister who is listening to their discussion but Stanley can see straight through her pretty, womanly ways, he wants the truth and he knows that she is hiding something, she tries to act dumb papers, what papers she asks when Stanley asks to see the legal documents on Belle Reve. When Stanley does find papers Blanche says they are love letters and he must not touch them (changing the subject to try and distract Stanley from what he wanted to see or might find) Sister in law or not he knows something has happened that will affect Stellas inheritance and through the Napoleonic Code will effect him. Blanches flirtatious ways will not win Stanley over where this is concerned. Stanley can see straight through her womanly ways and will not be distracted.

Indias Relation with ASEAN

Indias Relation with ASEAN IMPLICATIONS ON INDIA 1.  General.  India and ASEAN share age old historical, cultural and economic ties. These relations stood the test of time till 1962 after which India somehow disengaged from South East Asia. India reinstituted its ‘Look East’ policy in 1992. This was necessitated due to the growing economic status of ASEAN nations as also security concerns of India in ASEAN region, which could be handled better with rejuvenated relations with the countries of the region and for this ASEAN’s coherence is in India’s vital national interest. Both traditional and non-traditional security concerns of ASEAN have direct or indirect bearing on the overall security of the region in general and India in particular. Traditional security concerns like nuclear proliferation, regional cooperation, balance of power and defense capabilities and non- traditional security concerns like financial collapse and domestic governance problems, both influence India’s, strategic position in the region as non traditional security concerns can lead to traditional security concerns. 2.  Chinas Influence. Increasing efforts of China to increase and expand its influence in the ASEAN region is a matter of grave concern to India, both economically and in the field of security. With ASEAN expanding to form ASEAN plus three coalitions ASEAN now includes China, South Korea and Japan has far reaching effects on Indian â€Å"Look East Policy†. The various effects of growing Chinese influence are: (a) Security regionalism in Asia, led by the ASEAN, is being severely tested by the growing intensity of the China’s territorial disputes with its maritime neighbors in the East and South China Seas. (b) China’s refusal to collectively engage ASEAN on South China Sea issue and its growing ability to wean away individual members of the organization underlines the dangers of the new dynamics in ASEAN. One outcome of this was annual meetings of ASEAN foreign ministers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, in July 2012, ended in political disarray over the question of territorial disputes in the South China Sea. For the first time in the history of the organization, ministers  failed to issue a joint statement, and many analysts have attributed this outcome to Beijing’s new ability to influence the internal dynamic in the ASEAN. These efforts of China to engage all ASEAN nations bilaterally may undermine the  strength of ASEAN which is contrary to Indian desires of strong ASEAN that can insulate SE Asia from any external interventions. (c)  Military Expansion. China has also increased its military influence in the South China Sea. The recent incursions of China into the Spartley islands and the Mischief Reef will affect India militarily. China will have far reaching influence in the area especially with Hong Kong and Macao already amalgamated into the peoples Republic of China. In the event of a confrontation between India and China, the latter would have greater influence in ASEAN region inversely affecting India’s security as well as regional and international standing. (d)  Economic Expansion. In todays globalised world economy and military capabilities of a nation are closely linked. China is fast emerging as an international economic force. Its influence on the ASEAN economies is considerable and growing. With the military expansion into ASEAN, China could harm India’s economic security. If relations between India and China deteriorate, a strong military presence of China in the South China Sea could severe Indian sea lines of communications in the region affecting trade with the countries of the region. China at the moment is concentrating on building its economic power and does not appear to have a military bearing in the region. It is trying to settle its disputes i.e. Spartley islands according to the laws of the sea, has withdrawn its naval forces from Senkaku islands and Mischief Reef, but the future could be very different which India needs to plan for and guard against. The straits of Malacca in South East Asia form a bottleneck on the maritime route to East Asia and Asia-Pacific region. (e)  The Burmese Connection. Burma or Myanmar, a member of ASEAN has important security implications for India. Myanmar is traditionally China’s close aide and is dependent on China for many of its economic and military needs. Chinas influence in Burma poses a security concern to India, more so because Myanmar and India share common land and sea borders. In the event of a China -India confrontation, China could use Myanmar land and sea areas for military action against India. China already, has established its bases in Myanmar to monitor India’s missile tests at Chandipur. Through Myanmar China could not only threaten India’s security from land but also from sea. With a pro-communist military government in Myanmar and its over-dependence on China India’s security interests are threatened. With Myanmar joining ASEAN and ARF, there is increased pressure to restore democracy and this would draw Myanmar away form its dependence on a communist China. 3.  Insurgency.  ASEAN is a region fraught with ethnic and communal insurgency problems. India faces similar problems in various parts of the country. Myanmar an ASEAN state has a sizeable border with Indian Eastern States. The near porous border is used by insurgents to move to and fro. The thick jungles in Myanmar form ideal bases for insurgents to hide and use these areas as launch pads for insurgent activity into India. After striking into India these insurgents slip into Myanmar making India’s tackling of this problem increasingly difficult. The linguistic and ethnic similarity of the people on both sides makes identification of insurgents extremely difficult. 4.  Terrorism. The September 11 attacks on the World Trade Centre and subsequent attacks in India are a tragic reminder that international terrorism does not respect national borders-and requires global[1] and regional solutions. The ASEAN region has more than 300 million Muslims, many of them supporting Muslim terrorist organizations like the Al-Qaeda. India is one of the most badly affected countries by terrorism. With close cultural and religious links between India and many ASEAN countries there is a danger of terrorism spreading to India from ASEAN nations, if it already has not happened. Since extradition treaties do not exist between India and these nations criminals committing crimes in India go unpunished after escaping to these nations. The internal security of India has already been affected on many occasions. Many Muslim terrorist organizations operating from ASEAN countries are spreading terrorism in India. These organizations having an international infrastructure with a common agenda could threaten India’s security if not controlled. 5.  Increasing Military Capability. In the present scenario the ASEAN nations do not have any military conflict areas with India . However, most of them have reasonably strong armed forces which are being further strengthened. Indonesia has recently acquired an aircraft carrier and Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar have strong military capabilities. In future should a conflict arise between any ASEAN nations with India and considering the proximity to India’s Eastern waters as also the maritime trade routes, which India uses, it could be a security threat to India. 6. Weapons of Mass Destruction. Many strategic analysts consider Asia as a possible hot spot for nuclear confrontation. The only nuclear attack in Japan took place in the vicinity of ASEAN nations. Ever since, many Asian powers have developed overtly or covertly nuclear capabilities which could trigger a nuclear war in the region. China has the third largest nuclear arsenal in the world. With China’s common communist ideology with many ASEAN states nuclear proliferation of the region cannot be ruled out. A similar proliferation is possible to certain ASEAN Muslim nations through Pakistan. Another potential nuclear challenge resides in the Korean Peninsula, where North Korea now faces the need to either fish or cut bait with respect to its nuclear program. A North Korean nuclear capability would raise the stakes of war on the peninsula, and increase the pressure on Japan and South Korea to mount nuclear weapon programs of their own. All these above events, occurring in the Indi an backyard would threaten Indian security interest in the region. The latest nuclear and biological threat exists from terrorists. Since religious fundamentalism is predominant in various ASEAN states, the availability of such weapons of mass destruction with terrorists could become a serious issue of concern to India. 7.  Safety of SLOC’S.  Region of Bay of Bengal and Malacca Strait is very important to India as India’s strategic strength lies in this region, which has the potential to create vulnerability to China. Security of SLOCs and island territory is a concern but India is well poised to take care of this aspect. This is also an area of cooperation with ASEAN and Asia Pacific countries. The increasing importance of maritime trade and energy security for India has made it imperative to ensure the safety of Sea Lanes of Communication (SLOC’s) in Southeast Asia. Maritime piracy has large implications for security in the economic sphere and in the Malacca Straits, is a common threat to India and the ASEAN region. With India being dependent on sea ways for over 97 per cent of its global trade, the safety of sea lanes around the ASEAN region is of vital importance to India. India understands that a prosperous and stable ASEAN that safeguards vital sea lanes between the Indian and Pacific Oceans will serve its best interests. Coordination between India and ASEAN in safeguarding their shared marine environment and its resources, promoting the safety and security of navigation in their common ocean areas, and ensuring legitimate, peaceful and sustainable uses of the oceans, can contribute to both maritime development and maritime security in the region. 8.  US Withdrawal. With the withdrawal of US troops from strategic locations in the region following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the South East Asian countries deemed it appropriate to guard against Chinese influence by setting up vital sea-lanes of communications such as the Taiwan, Malacca, Sunda and Lombhok Straits. Accordingly, ASEAN countries justifiably perceive India, with the largest Naval forces in the Indian Ocean and nuclear capabilities, a strategic partner to balance China’s growing power in the region[2]. This should be looked by India as an opportunity to go closer to the ASEAN nations thereby assisting indirectly in regional stability. Indian economy is deeply intertwined with the economic future of ASEAN region and should regional stability be disturbed it would have a cascading effect on Indian economy in general and security in particular. 9.  US-ASEAN Re-engagement.  Three important developments that took place in South East Asia in 2010 have come to redefine the nature and dynamics of the region’s engagement with the United States the most powerful player in today’s international politics. First, in response to the Chinese designation of South China Sea as an area of ‘core national interest,’ the American Secretary of State, Hillary Rodham Clinton claimed free passage in the disputed area as America’s ‘national interest.’ Second, the US, in order to influence the trajectories of ASEAN-driven cooperative processes, became a member of the East Asia Summit in October 2010 and also participated in the ADMM (ASEAN Defence Ministerial Meetings) Plus. Finally, the US  President visited Indonesia along with three other important Asian players – India, Japan and South Korea in November 2010, integrating Southeast Asia into its larger strategic discourse on Asia. In fact, Southeast Asia seems to have regained its Cold War position of being one of the pivots for the US in the latter’s grand strategy towards  the Asia-Pacific[3]. Since most important driving force for the re-engagement has come in the form of an uncertain nature of China’s growing diplomatic and strategic influence and the latter’s perceived aggression in the region it will definitely assist India in checking China’s future aspirations in the region, more so in the light of improving Indo US relations. 10. Certain non-traditional security concerns [4]of India in the ASEAN region could have wide-ranging effects on the economy, society and security of India. The non-traditional security concerns includes: (a)  Globalisation. With Indian economy heading towards liberalisation and globalisation there is an increasing amount of capital flowing to and from ASEAN countries. This phenomenon could be a major threat to state security if globalisation is not managed properly by India. In spite of the financial crisis the vibrant ASEAN economics could still shift the trade balance so greatly in their favor that Indian economic interests could be badly damaged. This would not only effect economic security but also have concurrent effects on India’s national security. Hence, it is essential for India to control and manage the pace of globalization to suit its own interests. (b)  Narcotics Trafficking and Associated Criminal Activities. India lies in between the two most significant drug trafficking areas of the world. With the â€Å"Golden Triangle† to its West, which includes Afghanistan and Pakistan, and  the â€Å"Golden Crescent† to its East to include Thailand and Myanmar India’s concerns about narcotic trafficking are legitimate. There is considerable flow of drugs through India which remains a concern for social security of the country. Myanmar produces a considerable share of the world narcotics. The money from the sale of drugs is often utilised by insurgents to buy weapons and explosives which is smuggled into India for insurgent activities causing internal security  problems in the country. The narcotic infrastructure is very well organized in Myanmar and Thailand. These drug cartels also have close links with India. This results in associated criminal activities like extortion, child labour and human trafficking, e ventually leading to general deterioration of social security in India. (c)  Competition for Fishing and Other Sea/Ocean- based Resources. India shares sea-based borders with many ASEAN countries. Since sea-based borders are less defined than land-based borders there are regular instances of intrusion into Indian waters by either fishing boats/trawlers or military vessels of counties from the ASEAN region. With increase in population of nations and consequent economic problems the importance of sea-based resources would increase. This could result in confrontation between various ASEAN states and India, as was the case between China and Philippines over Mischief Reef. There are certain maritime areas where exact demarcation and delineation is not done. These areas could also be future areas of concern to India’s security. (d)  Environmental Security Concerns. India and ASEAN, as also the entire world are closely linked to environmental changes and disasters. Environmental polices followed by one nation have an effect on the environment of all other nations. Global warming, droughts, floods resulting from industrialization and deforestation effect all nations. Environmental disasters  also affect the economy of nations. A case in point is the forest fires [5]and the subsequent haze problem in Indonesia. The deteriorated environment affected  tourism and hence economy of Indonesia as well as India as the tourist influx from India reduced drastically. (e)  Religious Extremism.There exists wide social and economic disparity between member nations of ASEAN. Countries like Laos and Cambodia cannot keep pace with the social development of certain other ASEAN countries, which are well developed. This leads to a sense of frustration and deprivation in certain sections of their society. This feeling coupled with religious fanaticism in certain society’s breeds’ religious extremism and sectarianism. This is the case in certain Muslim societies of ASEAN nations. Since religious extremism now cuts across national barriers, many of these disillusioned youth are finding their way to India, inciting religious tensions and indulging in insurgent activities. [1] David James, `The ASEAN Summit`, asia-inc, December 2001. [2] India ASEAN relations: Analysing regional implications. IPCS special report by Mohit Anand, May 2009 [3] View point by Dr Vibhanshu Shankar, Research fellow at Indian Council of World Affairs, New Delhi on emerging contours of US ASEAN re engagement; 25 Mar 2011. [4] `Regional International Affairs Program in Asia`, Regional Centre for Strategic Studies, http://www.rcss.org/projects/riapa/riapa.htm > [5] The ASEAN Summit, `asia-inc`, December 2001.

Durkheim Modernity Theory

Durkheim Modernity Theory Durkheim saw Modernity as a new form of thinking that would change the way individuals functioned in society. It took away the overarching order in which humanity, nature and God were interlinked and functioned as the higher power and order of life in traditional societies. The Enlightenment bought about values of questioning, it began to examine the relationship and function that traditional institutions, customs and morals had on the individual and society. Science and rationality began to take the place of stability and order. The modernity of these modes of thought lay in the innovative way in which the philosophes sought to demolish and replace established forms of knowledge dependent of religious authority, such as the biblical account of the creation of the world, with those new forms of knowledge which depended upon experience, experiment and reason quintessentially science. (Hamilton 1992, p. 29). This founding of individualism and new thought is what most worried Durkheim. He felt that strong bonds had to be maintained to keep solidarity which was what he felt society needed to function best. He questioned the place the individual now had in this modern society. To Durkheim, social solidarity is the key to society, Without these social links, he stated, individuals would be separate and unrelated (Morrison P. 128). It brings integration, social bonds and interchanges that he feels are key to a functioning society which cooperates together to achieve goals. After all, we are all fundamentally social where our life at home, work or worship is what defines us and gives us meaning and purpose. Without solidarity Durkheim felt, there would be poor cohesion which linked individuals to social groups. Durkheims The Division of Labour in Society (1893) puts forth the two diverse types of solidarity mechanical and organic. Mechanical solidarity saw society as a whole, with collective opinions and thoughts. The higher power of mechanical societies was held within religion. The stability and order of the Church gave continual reinforcement of the way to live your life and the population were bought together as a whole under this chain of being. This meant all individuals were directly linked and a part of society which carried with it strong social rules and moral values with little individual autonomy. At this time there was a strong collective conscience. The conscience collective exists over and above individuals and becomes implanted in them. It is a society in which the division of labour remains at a very basic level (Craib. I. 1997 p.65). Due to Industrialism, society took a major turn and organic solidarity came into place. Industrialism bought about specialisation in the division of labour. As labour developed individuals became reliant on each other to perform separate functions and individual bonds grew rather than loyalties to society. Durkheims concern of organic solidarity was that he felt it took away the social rules which became paramount in mechanical, Durkheim asserted that the tendency exhibited by utilitarians to reduce society to individuals led them to ignore the larger system of social rules which acted as restraints on individual action. (Morrison P. 125). Individuals now had become a product of society. Urbanisation developed so people moved from rural areas into the cities for better work and job opportunities. This created a growing social mass and intensified social interaction. Durkheim was worried that in this form of modernity created selfish individuals which would exist and focus on their own economic gain even at the expense of others. Here, the conscience collective has decreased in importance and now concentrates on the individual. The enlightenment bought about the significance of science. This new knowledge embraced reason and logic which were very important to Durkheim as he was a positivist. People now questioned what was happening instead of leaving it to fate or divine will like in traditional societies. Challenging ideas created differences in opinion which eventually lead to the secularisation of society and threatened values, all contributing to individualism. Industrialisation created a new way of work and lifestyle where labour became highly organised by the market and state and replaced the legitimisation of traditional authority. People began to become specialised in a particular form of labour which was then sold on or traded. Now, people were dependent on each other not reliant on society, The force of social bonds integrates individuals in their economic occupational functions, and the ties to society become indirect and operate through the division of labour (Morrison, P. 130). Durkheim felt there always had to be a higher power for society to function. Society cant be reduced to just individuals, it was bigger than that and needed a higher power. In mechanical, God took the place whereas in organic solidarity it was traded with the formulation of the individuals aim of reaching aspirations set by ourselves. The low conscience collective in organic solidarity concerned Durkheim in the way that without the clear boundaries and reinforcement that the traditional societies set, common ideas would be lost and societies would become unsystematic and disorganised and the level of behaviour expected would break down. Durkheim described this state in his book Suicide (1897) to be anomie. The anomic state was a type of suicide which reasoned that aloneness or estrangement occurred when a relationship between the individual and society is shattered. Durkheim felt that, Suicide is a result of societys strength or weakness of control over the individual (Shneidman p.24). They emerge from the collective but result in the individual belief. He saw this type of suicide as a social fact which ran through various societies not connected to each other. We see the reason for anomic suicide to be that society has in some way failed that individual. In some ways the individuals committing suicide havent been able to create social cohesion and solidarity with their surrounding community. The isolation from this malfunction is the reason for their act of suicide. To conclude, Durkheim felt that if we live our lives this way we will move away and deviate from a functioning society where working for the common good and living by shared norms was principal to the life that we should live. In some cases this may be true, with profit proving everything and exploitation of recourses and skills. Individuals are now placed and classified into society by their occupation and wealth. Durkheim hoped that in the future the importance of status from birth and inheritance would disappear. If everyone started from the same background and standing then societies would be equal and function best, Consensus is possible (Hawthorn p. 123). I feel that the disintegration of the conscience collective has affected the modern society we now live in. However, to say that the norms and values of traditional societies have disappeared is an exaggerated opinion of Durkheims. However, we do see that in todays society the impacts of industrialism and individualism has cre ated strong inequalities which Durkheim was afraid of happening and simply hopes that we can cooperate in such divisions of labour together.

cartoon violence Essays -- essays research papers

Animation Violence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Children from the ages 6-11 spend more time watching television than they do in the classroom. The â€Å"renaissance of TV animation† has undoubtedly led to more violent cartoons then ever before. But to talk about cartoon violence, it must first be defined. Webster’s Dictionary defines violence â€Å"as the act (or threat) of injuring or killing someone.† (Webster) And although the violence is not real, a child does not know the difference. Throughout the essay an understanding that the new wave of television animation is becoming more violent, and is effecting children in more ways then one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a child sits in front of a television, there eyes are glued to the viewing of shoot em' up rip em' up kind of entertainment. Dr. Wendy Josephson, a reporter for Media Awareness Network believes that violence is easily soaked up by children at a younger age by stating â€Å"The viewing patterns children establish as toddlers will influence their viewing habits throughout their lives. Since toddlers have a strong preference for cartoons and other programs that have characters who move fast, there is considerable likelihood that they will be exposed to large amounts of violence.†(Josephson) Television cartoons often feature dehumanized characters, such as Transformers and the Ninja Turtles, who engage in the destructive acts of violence by fighting our real life social problems. With acts of violence, kids learn to think ...

Traditions of Child Parenting in China Essays -- chinese mothers, amy c

Have you ever thought about having kids and raising them in a way where your family, friends, and even your own kids judge you and see you as this monstrous savage of a being? Being raised by the Chinese style of parenting or better known as â€Å"Tiger Parenting† I understand what it was like being put through what Amy Chua put her kids through. Therefore, I understand completely what Amy Chua is trying to explain in her book Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother. The advancements and traditions of child parenting have significantly impacted society by their many techniques of parenting. For example Chinese style parenting or better known as â€Å"Tiger parenting†. In this essay I will examine three issues; two points of disagreement, and one point of agreement to Amy Chua’s Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother. The argument article I will be referring to is Tiger Mother: Popular and Psychological Scientific Perspectives on Asian Culture and Parenting by Perdue Universit y’s P. Priscilla Lui and David Rollock. David Rollock is a Clinical Associate Professor at Purdue University who received his Ph.D. at Yale in 1989. Lui is also a Professor at Purdue University that specializes in Psychology treatment and research. Amy Chua is a law professor and author of two books on international affairs, even though readers of Tiger Mother get only a little tiny glance of that part in her life, with weird, thrown off-lines such as "Meanwhile, I was still teaching my courses at Yale and finishing up my second book" (7) while also "traveling continuously, giving lectures about democratization and ethnic conflict." (7) Her third book points away from global concerns to focus intensely on Amy Chua's attempt to raise her two beautiful daughters in the way that her ... ...ended up finding common ground. Indeed, there are indications of stereotypically Asian beliefs about the quest of prestigious careers and expected academic accomplishments may elevate risks to self esteem and internal mental health issues, as does identification with only high status groups by people with multiethnic heritages. Ending a parenting story when a child is only 15 years old seems too short; in fact, it might not be entirely possible to really understand the complete impact of Chua's efforts until her daughters have kids of their own.â€Æ' Works Cited Chua, Amy. Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother. New York: Penguin, 2011. Print. Rollock, David. "Tiger Mother: Popular and Psychological Scientific Perspectives on Asian Culture and Parenting." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Oct. 2013: 450-56. Print. Chang, Elizabeth New York: Penguin Press, 2011. Print.

Great Gatsby: Fitzgeralds Criticism Of The American Dream Essay

Great Gatsby: Fitzgerald's Criticism of The American Dream The American Dream, as it arose in the Colonial period and developed in the nineteenth century, was based on the assumption that each person, no matter what his origins, could succeed in life on the sole basis of his or her own skill and effort. The dream was embodied in the ideal of the self-made man, just as it was embodied in Fitzgerald's own family by his grandfather, P. F. McQuillan. Fitzgerald's novel takes its place among other novels whose insights into the nature of the American dream have not affected the artistic form of the novel itself. The Great Gatsby serves as Fitzgerald's critique of the American dream.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Great Gatsby embodies a criticism of America and the American experience, more radical than any other author has attempted. The theme of the novel is the destruction of the American dream during the 1920s, a period when the vulgar pursuit of material happiness has corrupted the old values that gave substance to the dream. The characters are Midwesterners who have come East in pursuit of this new dream of money, fame, success, glamour, and excitement. Tom and Daisy must have a huge house, a stable of polo ponies, and friends in Europe. Gatsby must have his enormous mansion before he can feel confident enough to try to win Daisy. Fitzgerald does not criticize the American dream itself but the corruption of that dream. What was once for Ben Franklin or Thomas Jefferson ...

Environmental issues in Asia

Developing countries face severe environmental issues as the rapid economic and population growth had created serious social and environmental problems which if left unattended can bring about very serious consequences. Some of these burning environmental issues faced by these Asian regions are the deforestation, global warming, air and water pollution, limited safe drinking water etc. apart from this manipulation of the natural resources and using unhealthy ways and means for developmental purposes is slowly destroying the resources of these nations which are of serious concern and needs immediate steps by the government and non governmental organizations to protect and rescue them from extinction. Two main problems that I wish to discuss in this research paper is air pollution and the increasing deficit in drinking water supply which is a great threat to the nations overall economic development. India is a fast developing country and its growth in the IT and industrial sector over the years is abundant. With the per capita income increasing with the sudden boom in industrial and technological sectors purchasing power has increased. Easy EMI and retail option enable almost anyone to get a vehicle and as the result traffic congestion, air pollution and noise pollution etc have increased thereby endangering the whole atmosphere and paving way to global warming. Water is the elixir of life we all know but although the world is third filled with water drinking water is available in limited quantity. India largely depends on monsoon rains for it agriculture and underground drinking water resources. Due to environmental issues like global warming, air pollution, industrial wastes, use of fertilizers etc result in less rainfall. Moreover the little rainfall received is wasted as it reaches the ocean without any proper preservation methods. The existing dams and water reservoirs are maintained poorly and hence little water collected due to seasonal rains are wasted. Hence an emergency plan to preserve this resource is necessary and steps to minimize air pollution should also be undertaken. Land usage in India: Area of the country: 3287260sq.kms Cultivable area: 1839560sq.kms Cultivated land area: 1697000sq.kms Population: Total population 1038056000 Rural: 71%  Ã‚  Ã‚   urban – 29% (www.indiastat.com) Water resources: Internal renewable water: 1260540 million cubic meters Total renewable water 1907760 million cubic meters Water use: Total withdrawal: 500000 million cubic meters Agriculture: 92% Domestic: 5% Industrial: 3% Irrigation: Irrigation potential: 1135120 sq. kms Land under irrigation: 501010 sq. kms Surface irrigation: 493300 sq. kms Area irrigated with surface water 40.5% Area irrigated with ground water 53% ( research paper on survey of Indian resources – 2005) The above facts clearly state the environmental condition of this great nation. The need for ground water for irrigation alone is almost 53% and this ground water level is diminishing today due to lack of rains and improper irrigation methods. The surface water again is becoming polluted because of unhygienic and improper maintenance and preservation methods. Further use of chemicals and pesticides for industry and agriculture has highly polluted both surface and ground water. When agriculture uses highly toxic pesticides it destroys not only the soil but also the water underneath. Some of the reasons for water scarcity in India are rising demand for water as population increases over extraction of surface and ground level water delay in completion of developmental projects due to lack of funds and political pressure or instable governments contamination of water resources due to the increased human impact globalization and industrial development polluting air ad water thereby altering urban climate Etc. There is a huge demand for water in the years to come especially keeping in mind the population the demand seems to be a nightmare. In almost all parts of India water deficiencies show an increasing trend and the surplus show a decreasing trend Four states and one union territory   have no surplus water The availability of water will reduce one fifth in three decades Government role to curb further water shortage: From time to time government plays a major part in implementing measures to check this water scarcity. Development projects like building dams, reservoirs, cleaning tanks and increasing awareness to store and use drinking water sensibly is being undertaken. State and central governments join together and use the allotted funds to implement such projects. But political pressure, unstable government and lack of funds create a void in these projects which is either dropped or not put into practice wholly. Moreover bribery in all fields curbs the growth and development of these projects. Although many NGO’S and non governmental organizations and business establishments try to fund these projects the funds are highly misused or mishandled by faulty politicians. Balanced growth in both agriculture and industry is needed for a countries overall performance and development. But industry is developing in India in a faster pace and it looks like agriculture is neglected. Plans to curb air pollution are needed desperately as it affects the rain and overall climatic condition of the nation. More plants should be planted and forests should be conserved and all measures to save rain water undertaken. Rain water harvesting was seriously implemented in some states and the result is yet to be seen. The roads and the infrastructure is very poor and even the slightest rain causes flash floods. Proper drainage and town planning is missing in cities like Mumbai and Chennai. Great awareness of the results of such negligence should be spread around and people should be educated as to the affects of global warming and air pollution. Individuals should take this mission in their hands to ensure safety for future generation. Every successful business concern should adopt one area or town to implement development projects like planting trees, cleaning drinking water reservoirs and dam’s etc. individuals for their part should maintain hygiene and prevent wastage of water. Governments should curb the vehicles promotion by making strict laws against easy availability of driving license and fine or punishment if driving unchecked vehicles against air and noise pollution. Industries should be made to dispose their chemicals and smoke safely so as not to pollute the air and water. Strict laws and cancellation of their industrial license should be enacted. If everyone could use water sensibly and avoid polluting substances India would become a super power rich in natural resources and hygiene. Short term practical solutions: Keeping the surroundings clean and maintaining a social responsibility to preserve and conserve our natural resources is every individual’s imminent responsibility Creating social awareness of this burning issue among the general public by conducting seminars, student programs and through entertainment to educate even the uneducated and down trodden To keep water bodies clean and check for pollution from nearby factories and industries Proper recycle of industrial wastes Undeterred implementation of government development schemes Strict implementation of anti pollution laws Increasing facilities in public transport and curtailing the use of private transport facilities Planting more trees Long term practical solutions: general infrastructure of the cities and towns should be properly planned and implemented keeping the long term benefit in mind strict adherence to herbal petrol and enabling gas or pollution free fuel regular pollution control checks in vehicles and factories strict laws against faulty companies which release industrial waste into water bodies building tanks, dams and reservoirs to save the excess rain water from reaching the sea soil promotion and banning chemical pesticides in agriculture organic farming should be encouraged and promoted funds must be set aside for developmental projects awareness for the need for funds should be created among NRI and all steps to utilize these funds properly should be undertaken social organizations, business establishments and individuals should be encouraged to undertake or adopt certain social duties to minimize government pressure Singapore is the world’s second free economy and second most competitive Asian economy. It is the best con nected countries with a robust infrastructure to suit another century or so. Globally connected, top ranking business environment, with stable infrastructure and diverse world class business solutions has made Singapore the top ranked and most preferred business ground. Free trade will definitely enable people from all over the world to throng Singapore but how does it maintain its resources against the growing demand, how is it possible for this small nation to keep its streets and water bodies clean and vehicles free from polluting the atmosphere. With a total land area of only 699.0 sq. km together with the mainland and other small islands surrounding it has a annual rainfall of about 2,136 mm. the resident population is 4,483,900 and mainly consist of immigrants from neighboring Asian countries like china and India. The literacy rate above 15 years is 95% and the per capita GDP is S$ 44,666. Labor force in this country is 2,367,300 and the unemployment rate is just 3.4%. ( http://www.sedb.com/edb/sg/en_uk/index/why_singapore/singapore_rankings.html ) The country synthesis report on urban air quality management conducted in 2006 clearly states the measures taken by Singapore to prevent or restrict air pollution. The ambient AQ is regularly monitored with the help of 14 air monitoring machines placed across the island of Singapore. This monitoring has aided in the review of pollution control measures and this has given a positive result in controlling air pollution in the country. AQ monitoring methods used are based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The offenders were prosecuted and were required to take remedial action. Since 1971 many laws are set up to maintain clean air focusing much on vehicular pollution and industrialization. The EPCA combines laws for air, water and noise pollution and gives a legislative framework to control pollution of the environment. Lead petrol was stopped and slowly the level of sulfur from diesel was also reduced considerably to control and reduce emission from vehicles. Ultra low sulfur diesel was introduced to implement euro 4 emission standard and it took effect from October 2006. Air quality in Singapore is the best in the world and it was possible only through strict measures taken by the government to control emission and resolve different forms of pollution. Green plan 2012 is another great step undertaken to further improve the quality of the environment for the years to come. (http://app.nea.gov.sg/cms/htdocs/category_sub.asp?cid=29 ) Highly compatible and well maintained reservoirs catch every drop of rain water and this is utilized by almost half of Singapore uses this water. New projects to build new dams and reservoirs desalination plants, etc are also are being developed. To aid in this mission MEWater is set up which is high quality water received from water reclamation from 2003. Sustainability and cleanliness of water supply and environment is maintained well as Singapore stands tall as a very good example of how we should conserve and preserve our natural resources for a better tomorrow. It is clearly evident that Singapore has successfully implemented anti pollutant measures and even though its economy is growing fast the infrastructure and the low pollution levels are unchanged. There is enough water to meet all the growing needs and the greenery and the cleanliness stands proof of the people commitment to make their country a higher power standing out and setting an example to all other nations. Asian countries like India and china can take this as an example and with proper coordination with this country try to implement such strict rules in their country too. Finally it is a joint responsibility of both the government and the individuals and they should both commit themselves to make a better, cleaner and pollution free nation not only for us but also to our future generations. Reference: Survey of Indian resources – research paper submitted to the Annamalai Open University. India   www.indiastat.com http://www.sedb.com/edb/sg/en_uk/index/why_singapore/singapore_rankings.html http://app.nea.gov.sg/cms/htdocs/category_sub.asp?cid=29            

Introduction To Magnetic Coupling Engineering Essay

Two music directors are denoted to as inductively coupled or magnetically coupled when they are constructed such that alteration in current flow through one wire induces a electromotive force across the terminals of the other wire through electromagnetic initiation. The measure of inductive matching between two music directors is measured by their common induction. The yoke among two wires can be increased by weaving them into spirals and puting them near together on a common axis, so the magnetic field of one spiral passes through the other spiral. The two spirals may be physically enclosed in a individual unit, as in the primary and secondary sides of a transformer, or may be separated. Yoke may be intended or unintended. Unintentional yoke is called cross-talk, and is a signifier of electromagnetic intervention. Inductive matching favours low frequence energy beginnings. High frequence energy beginnings by and large use capacitive yoke. An inductively coupled transponder involves an electronic informations transporting device, normally a individual micro chip, and a big spiral that maps as an aerial. Inductively conjugate transponders are about ever operated inactively.UsesDevicess that use inductive yoke comprises:TransformersA transformer is a device that handovers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors-the transformer ‘s spirals. A altering current in the first or primary twist creates a variable magnetic flux in the transformer ‘s nucleus, and therefore a variable magnetic field through the secondary twist. This altering magnetic field induces a fluctuating electromotive force ( EMF ) or â€Å" electromotive force † in the secondary twist. This consequence is called common initiation. If a burden is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flux in the secondary twist and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the burden. In an ideal transformer, the induced electromotive force in the secondary twist ( VS ) is in proportion to the primary electromotive force ( VP ) , and is given by the ratio of the figure of bends in the secondary ( NS ) to the figure of bends in the primary ( NP ) as follows: By appropriate choice of the ratio of bends, a transformer therefore allows an jumping current ( AC ) electromotive force to be â€Å" stepped up † by doing NS greater than NP, or â€Å" stepped down † by doing NS less than NP. In the huge bulk of transformers, the twists are coils lesion around a ferromagnetic nucleus, air-core transformers being a noteworthy exclusion. Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized yoke transformer hidden inside a phase mike to immense units weighing 100s of dozenss used to complect parts of power grids. All operate with the same basic rules, although the scope of designs is broad. While new engineerings have eliminated the demand for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in about all electronic devices designed for family ( â€Å" brinies † ) electromotive force. Transformers are indispensable for high electromotive force power transmittal, which makes long distance transmittal economically practical.Electric motors and generatorsAn electric motor uses electrical energy to bring forth mechanical energy, really typically through the interaction of magnetic Fieldss and current-carrying music directors. The contrary procedure, bring forthing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is accomplished by a generator or dynamo. Grip motors used on vehicles frequently perform bot h undertakings. Many types of electric motors can be run as generators, and frailty versa. Electric motors are found in applications every bit diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, family contraptions, power tools, and disc thrusts. They may be powered by direct current ( for illustration a battery powered portable device or motor vehicle ) , or by jumping current from a cardinal electrical distribution grid. The smallest motors may be found in electric wrist watchs. Medium-size motors of extremely standardized dimensions and features provide convenient mechanical power for industrial utilizations. The really largest electric motors are used for propulsion of big ships, and for such intents as grapevine compressors, with evaluations in the 1000000s of Watts. Electric motors may be classified by the beginning of electric power, by their internal building, by their application, or by the type of gesture they give. The physical rule of production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field was known every bit early as 1821. Electric motors of increasing efficiency were constructed throughout the nineteenth century, but commercial development of electric motors on a big graduated table required efficient electrical generators and electrical distribution webs. Some devices, such as magnetic solenoids and speaker units, although they generate some mechanical power, are non by and large referred to as electric motors, and are normally termed actuators and transducers, severally.Induction loop communicating systemsInduction cringle is a term used to depict an electromagnetic communication- and sensing system, trusting on the fact that a traveling magnet will bring on a electrical current in a nearby conducting wire. Induction cringles are used for transmittal and response of communicating signals, or for sensing of metal objects in metal sensors or vehicle presence indexs. A common modern usage for initiation cringles is to supply hearing aid to hearing assistance users.Artworks tabletA artworks tablet ( or digitising tablet, artworks pad, pulling tablet [ 1 ] ) is a computing machine input device that allows one to hand-draw images and artworks, similar to the manner one draws images with a pencil and paper. These tablets may besides be used to capture informations or handwritten signatures. A artworks tablet ( besides called pen tablet or digitiser ) consists of a level surface upon which the user may â€Å" pull † an image utilizing an affiliated stylus, a pen-like drawing setup. The image by and large does non look on the tablet itself but, instead, is displayed on the computing machine proctor. Some tablets nevertheless, come as a operation secondary computing machine screen that you can interact with straight utilizing the stylus. Some tablets are intended as a general replacing for a mouse as the primary pointing and pilotage device for desktop computing machines.Radio Frequency IdentificationRadio-frequency designation ( RFID ) is the usage of an object ( typically referred to as an RFID ticket ) applied to or incorporated into a merchandise, carnal, or individual for the intent of designation and tracking utilizing wireless moving ridges. Some tickets can be read from several metres off and beyond the line of sight of the reader. Radio-frequency designation comprises inquisitors ( besides known as readers ) , and tickets ( besides known as labels ) . Most RFID ticket contain at least two parts. One is an incorporate circuit for hive awaying and treating information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency ( RF ) signal, and other specialised maps. The 2nd is an aerial for having and conveying the signal.Inductive ModemsResonant energy transportationResonant energy transportation or resonating inductive yoke is the short-distance wireless transmittal of energy between two spirals that are extremely resonating at the same frequence. The equipment to make this is sometimes called a resonating transformer. While many transformers employ resonance, this type has a high Q and is about ever air-cored to avoid ‘iron ‘ losingss. [ commendation needed ] The spirals may be present in a individual piece of equipment or in separate pieces of equipment. Resonant transportation plants by doing a spiral pealing with an hovering current. This generates an oscillatory magnetic field. Because the spiral is extremely resonating any energy placed in the spiral dies off comparatively easy over really many rhythms ; but if a 2nd spiral is brought near to it, the spiral can pick up most of the energy before it is lost, even if it is some distance off. One of the applications of the resonating transformer is for the CCFL inverter. Another application of the resonating transformer is to match between phases of a superheterodyne receiving system, where the selectivity of the receiving system is provided by tuned transformers in the intermediate-frequency amplifiers. [ 1 ] Resonant transformers such as the Tesla spiral can bring forth really high electromotive forces without curving, and are able to supply much higher current than electrostatic high-potential coevals machines such as the Van de Graaff generator. [ Inductive charging merchandises charge batteries utilizing inductive yoke, such as eCoupled ; Torches, Cochlear Implants and many electric toothbrushes. Inductive charging uses the electromagnetic field to reassign energy between two objects. A bear downing station sends energy through inductive yoke to an electrical device, which shops the energy in the batteries. Because there is a little spread between the two spirals, inductive charging is one sort of short-distance radio energy transportation. The other sort of charging, direct wired contact ( besides known as conductive charging or direct yoke ) requires direct electrical contact between the batteries and the courser. Conductive charging is achieved by linking a device to a power beginning with plug-in wires, such as a moorage station, or by traveling batteries from a device to courser. Initiation coursers typically use an initiation spiral to make an alternating electromagnetic field from within a bear downing base station, and a 2nd initiation spiral in the portable device takes power from the electromagnetic field and converts it back into electrical current to bear down the battery. The two initiation spirals in propinquity combine to organize an electrical transformerInitiation cookers and initiation warming systemsAn initiation cooker uses a type of initiation warming for cooking. It is chiefly distinguished from other common signifiers of stovetop cookery by the fact that the heat is generated straight in the cookery vas, as opposed to being generated in the stovetop ( as by electrical spirals or firing gas ) and so transferred to the cooking vas. In an initiation stovetop, a spiral of Cu wire — an electromagnet — is placed underneath the cookery pot. An oscillatory current is applied to that spiral, which produces an oscillatory magnetic field. That magnetic field creates heat in the cooking vas over it, in two different ways. First, it induces a current in the electrically conductive pot, which produces Joule ( I2R ) heat. Second, it besides creates magnetic hysteresis losingss in the ferromagnetic pot. The first consequence dominates: hysteresis losingss typically account for less than 10 per centum of the entire heat generated. [ 1 ]Low frequence initiationLow frequence initiation is an unwanted signifier of inductive yoke, which can happen when a metallic grapevine is installed parallel to a high-potential power line. The grapevine, which is a music director, and is insulated from the Earth by its protective coating, can develop electromotive forces which are risky to personnel runing valves or otherwise rea ching the grapevine.Significance and Applications.Magnetic yokes are used to convey rotational and/or additive gesture without direct contact and Rotary yokes Linear yokes Hysteresis yokes Eddy current yokes Rotary yokes are chiefly used to extinguish the usage of seals in revolving and reciprocating machines, such as seal-less pumps and pistons.A Use of magnetic couplings improves the dependability and safety facets of such machines because seals are prone to deterioration over clip and cause leaks. Rotary magnetic couplings used in these applications are designed in two constellations – co-axial and face-to-face.A A In the co-axial constellation, the two halves of the coupling are mounted co-axially with each other and nested one within the other.A The outer member is typically connected to the motor and the interior member to the driven system, for illustration, the pump in a seal-less pump. A cup-shaped stationary member, mounted to the pump organic structure, resides between the driver and follower and separates the fluids on the pump side from the environment on the motor side.A Materials for the barrier cup and exposed surfaces of the follower are chosen to last uninterrupted contact with the fluids being pumped.A The thickness of the barrier is designed to defy any force per unit area derived function without important distortion. Face-to-face type yokes are used where axial length is at premium and some misalignment demands to be tolerated.A The two pancake-shaped parts consisting this type of coupling have magnets mounted on the close faces.A The separation barrier in this instance can be every bit simple as a level wall.A One facet of face-to-face type yokes is considerable attractive force between the two members. Linear and rotary magnetic yokes, and loanblends of the two, besides find application in vacuity engineering where place or gesture must be transmitted across a vacuity barrier.A An added consideration in these applications is stiffness of the yoke ; minimising the slowdown between driver and follower.A Linear magnetic yokes, following similar rules, allow precise control of robotics inside vacuity systems.A These couplings are used in the semiconducting material industry to place objects within a clean chamber. Elimination of seals and decrease of the figure of constituents inside the chamber improves taint control and enhances system dependability. In all the above instances, greater torque/force capacity is realized with stronger magnets, increased diameter and decreased radial gap.A An added consideration in these designs is the stiffness of the matching which consequences in more precise control.A Devices operating at elevated temperatures ( & gt ; 120 A °C ) typically employ Sm-Co magnets while others may utilize Nd-Fe-B or ceramic magnets. Hysteresis yokes are typically used where a torsion modification is needed, such as in the bottle cresting industry.A Eddy current couplings exhibit torsion that increases linearly with increasing revolutions per minute.A They are frequently employed in clasps and in couplings where utmost misalignment demands to be tolerated.A Hysteresis and eddy current rules may besides be used in the design of additive couplings. Magnetic Yokes are used in the industry to convey torsion through a spread. This spread is the distance between two members of the yoke. Between this spread, one may hold air, vacuity, fluids, centrifuge cups, or other similar points. There are two basic constellations that are utilized ; the Axial and Radial design. The Axial design requires that the two magnet systems face each other, similar to two battercakes confronting each other. As one member rotates, the other follows. The maximal torsion will be determined by many factors, such as air spread, figure of poles, stuffs selected, working temperature, etc. The Radial design requires that the magnet systems are homocentric to each other. As one member, typically the outer rotates andA the other follows. When choosing the barrier stuff between the matching members, see eddy current effects, since the flux lines of the magnetic yoke will cut the barrier material.A Conductive stuffs will get down to heat as the RPM is increased.A Conductive stuffs used as the barrier stuff will take opposition of the matching gesture, as some of the input work will turn into the eddy current losingss ( heat ) .A At higher RPM, over 600 RPM, this loss can be important. Typically, matching assemblies do non be as a standard â€Å" off the shelf † point. They have to be designed for each application, so manufactured. Depending on the complexness of your design, technology charges may use. If you are able to utilize a constellation that is near to something that we already have designed, and you are non concerned about â€Å" optimising † the constellation, engineering/design charges will non use. Yokes may be hermetically sealed so that they may work in rough environments, such as chemical applications.A Applications of magnetic yokes include atomic environments, chemically risky environments, high temperature environments, oil boring applications ( downhole ) , vacuity applications, andA quiver isolation applications. Industries that have benefited from magnetic yokes include aerospace, medical, chemical, pharmaceutical, nutrient, biotechnology, industrial ovens, compressors, metering, A A and fluid mechanicss, because magnetic yokes are the lone device that can convey contact free torsion.Magnetically-Coupled CircuitsA current i1 at L1 produces opencircuit electromotive force v2 at L2. A current i2 at L2 produces an unfastened circuit electromotive force v1 at L1. Current come ining the flecked terminus of one spiral produces a electromotive force that is sensed positively at the flecked terminus of the 2nd spiral. Current come ining the undotted terminus of one spiral produces a electromotive force that is sensed positively at the undotted terminus of the 2nd spiral. ( a ) A circuit incorporating common induction in which the electromotive force ratio V2/ V1 is desired. ( B ) Self and common inductions are replaced by the corresponding electric resistances. Zin = Zp + jw L1 + w 2M2/Jw L2 + ZsTransformerA given transformer which is to be replaced by an tantamount web. The T equivalent. M & lt ; = under root of L1L2 The yoke coefficient K is M /under root of L1L2Inductive YokeInduction â€Å" Liter † depends on circuit geometry and medium belongings â€Å" Liter † has intending merely for a closed circuit. However when talk about induction of merely a portion of a circuit, we means the part that a section of a circuit brand ti the entire induction of the closed circuit If sinusoidally, VN = J tungsten B A cosI? Induced noise depends on the country enclosed by the distributed circuit ( VN = J tungsten B A cosI? Or VN = J tungsten M I1 = M vitamin D i1 / vitamin D T Magnetic matching between two circuits Magnetic matching between two circuits Suppression technique: separation circuit ( Ba† Ã¢â‚¬Å" ) ; writhing ( B canceling ) closer to land plane ( Aa† Ã¢â‚¬Å" ) orientation ( cosI?a† Ã¢â‚¬Å" ) Comparison between inductive and capacitive yoke a‘ Capacitive yoke: noise picked up is decreased when electric resistance a† Ã¢â‚¬Å" , but inductive yoke non a‘? Noise electromotive force is produced in series with receiver music director in magnetic field yoke, while in electric field matching noise electromotive force is produced between receiving system and land Magnetic yoke when a shield is placed around the receiving system ( with ungrounded and nonmagnetic shield ) still VS = J tungsten M1S I1 and VN = J tungsten M12 I1 Decision: Even screen grounded at one terminal has no effects on the magnetically induced electromotive force in the centre music director A § 3.5 Magnetic Coupling Between Shield and Inner Conductor Magnetic yoke between a hollow conducting tubing and music director placed inside it Magnetic field produced by current in a cannular music director No field indoors pit Coaxial overseas telegram with shield current flowing so Ls = M Condition: The cogency of above depends merely on the fact that there is no magnetic field in the pit of the tubing due to screen current. Noise electromotive force VN due to screen current Equivalent circuit of the shield music director VN = J tungsten M IS Since Sing M = Ls Finally secret plan of noise electromotive force in shielded music director due to screen current Notes: Break frequence is defined as the shield cutoff frequence

Othello in Shakespeare’s play Essay

Othello is manipulated to trust Iago rather than his wife. Iago uses fake evidence against Desdemona in an attempt to prove she is cheating on her husband. Iago uses racism and past experiences to persuade Othello into believing he is not good enough for his wife as well as her not being good enough for him. Othello choses to believe Iago over his wife for the reason that she has only her word to back up her story while Iago has hard evidence. Iago plants fake evidence in the form of a handkerchief owned by Desdemona to lead Othello into believing his wife is having an affair with another man. By mistake, Othello leaves Desdemona’s handkerchief laying on the ground and Emilia, Iago’s wife finds it but fails to return it. Although Iago cannot witness Cassio and Desdemona having sex, he promises Othello he will find hard evidence of the affair. Iago creates a fake story claiming to have seen Cassio with Desdemona’s handkerchief given to her by Othello. He claims the evidence is backed by â€Å"imputation and strong circumstances† (3.3.407) and reassures Othello he is only trying to lead him to â€Å"the door of truth† (3.3.408). Iago falsely tells Othello that he must re-think the situation but by that point, Othello had his mind set to kill his framed wife as he cries â€Å"O, blood, blood, blood† (3.3.454). The hard evidence planted by Iago was so efficient to get Othello to believe his wife was involved with Cassio due to its deep personal roots of the couples love. The handkerchief was given to Desdemona by her husband as a token of his love and the framing of her giving it to another man showed Othello that she doesn’t value their love anymore. He does not bother to simply ask Desdemona if she was having an affair because he knows she is now untrustworthy and will simply deny the allegations if challenged. By breaking down the trust between Othello and Desdemona with his hard evidence, Othello now t rusts Iago and not his wife. The hard evidence cements Othello’s trust in Othello although none of it is actually true. With Othello’s trust, Iago can more easily manipulate the framing of Desdemona and Cassio, as Othello will believe anything said by Iago. Throughout the novel, racism plays a crucial role in persuading Othello to think he is not deserving of Desdemona’s love. Iago is perhaps the most racist character but the negative judgments of Othello based upon his race are contributed from all Venetian citizens of Venice. He is judged to be  harsh and rough just because he is black. He is referred to as â€Å"an old black ram† (1.1.89), â€Å"an erring barbarian† (1.3.350) and a â€Å"Barbary horse† (1.1.112) by Iago to let Othello know he is considered to be less important and valuable due to his skin colour. Roderigo also openly degrades Othello by referring to him as â€Å"thick lips† (1.1.67) and â€Å"lascivious moor† (1.1.126) which break him down and forms insecurities about his race. His insecurities in turn lead Othello to believe he is not worthy of Desdemona. Iago also warns Othello that if Desdemona was willing to leave her father, she is likely to do the same with him. Even her own father says, â€Å"She has deciev’d her father and may thee† (1.3.290) proving to Othello that those close to Desdemona have been deceived and she might do the same to him. Iago later echoes Brabantios words by stating, â€Å"She did deceive her father, marrying you;† (3.3.208), which solidifies Othello’s distrust in his own wife. The combination of Iago being perceived as honest and charming and Othello’s gullibility allow for Iago to easily manipulate Othello. Othello is vulnerable to the perceived notion that his wife did not truly love him and could easily leave him all due to the colour of his skin. He is certainly not jealous of his wife but rather scared of the prospect of her leaving him due to his colour. As he becomes vulnerable, Othello is soothed by fake honesty surrounding Iago as he is refereed to as â€Å"Honest Iago† (1.3.290). Iago has no evidence or past experiences to lessen his trustworthiness to Othello while his wife Desdemona has been framed by Iago specifically to create doubt-allowing Othello to question her loyalty to him. The constant charm by Iago and the question surrounding Desdemona eventually lead to Othello to fully trust Iago and being persuaded to kill his own wife. The motive behind the killing of Desdemona was not from jealousy but rather â€Å"in a conviction forced upon him by the almost superhuman art of Iago [..] and must have entertained who had believed Iago’s honesty as Othello did. (Samuel Coleridge). What Coleridge is suggesting is that the motive behind Othello wanting to kill his wife was not jealousy, but rather all of Othello’s trust was to Iago therefore he could be easily manipulated. Iago gained all of Othello’s trust and used it to manipulate Othello into killing Desdemona contributing to his overall plan. Iago gains Othello’s trust by using hard evidence and racism. Othello doesn’t simply ask Desdemona if she were having an affair because he does  not trust her anymore. Othello’s tragic choices are driven by revenge on his wife for being untrustworthy while in reality she was loyal to him. Iago’s lying and deceiving leaves many of his friends dead and leads to his torture and downfall. Work Cited Page Shakespeare, William. Othello. Oxford School Shakespeare. Ed. Roma Gill Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. Print Coleridge, Samuel. â€Å"Othello: The Bradley view (& Coleridge).† English Class Handout, 2014. Print.

Freedom: John Stuart Mill Essay

1. John Stuart Mill: Freedom Freedom is generally defined, by a dictionary, as the condition or right of being able or allowed to do, say, think, etc. whatever you want to, without being controlled or limited (Cambridge). This means there is no interference or influence in ones’ actions or opinions by anyone else. There is no domination or dictatorial government who affects these actions or opinions. John Stuart Mill, an English philosopher and economist, gives a similar view on freedom as the Cambridge dictionary, and looks at the ‘nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual’ (Mill, 6). Mill’s view of freedom, as he writes in his book On Liberty, is that â€Å"Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign,† (Mill, 13). By this he means that an individual is free when they make independent choices, have independent opinions and have independent actions. When a person thinks and acts without the influence of outside opinion, a person exercises his or her own freedom. Mill divides human liberty into three regions. The first is the ‘domain of the conscience’ and ‘liberty of thought and feeling,’ (Mill, 15). The second is the ‘liberty of tastes and pursuits,’ and ‘framing the plan of your life’ (Mill, 16). The third region is ‘the freedom to unite, for any purpose not involving harm to others’ (Mill, 16). He states that if a society has a respect for these three regions of human liberty, then a society is free (Mill, 16). ‘The only freedom which deserves the name, is that of pursuing our own good in our own way, so long as we do not attempt to deprive others of theirs, or impede their efforts to obtain it’ (Mill, 16). However, he states that if an individual exercises their freedom in a way that threatens harm to another, there should be interference to prevent harm from being done. He asserts that the only time anyone can interfere with or exercise power over an individual’s liberty is when that individual is threatening harm to another and this interference is used for self-protection, (Mill, 13). If an individual is practicing their own freedom in their own way, without preventing others from doing so, then there should be no interference with the individual. For example, if an individual decides to drink an alcoholic beverage, such as a beer, at 10 in the morning, then there should be no interference with that. He knows alcohol is harmful, he is choosing to drink the beer and as long as his actions do not interfere with anyone else then he should not be interfered with. However if his drinking makes him violent, and he decides to start a fight with someone else, there should be interference to prevent the intoxicated individual from causing harm to another individual. Mill’s states that the right of liberty does not apply to children, ‘those who are still in a state to require being taken care of by others’ or ‘backward states of society’ (Mill, 14). Another struggle discussed by Mill in his book, is the struggle between society and the individual about which should have control over the individual’s actions. Mill observes that the world seems to be in a place where in a society, laws and public opinion have more power over an individuals’ actions and thoughts, than the individual has over himself. However society seems to prefer conformity and even demand it. Mill argues that due to conformity, an individual is unable to make meaningful choices, which keeps him from personal development. He believes that freedom, along with individuality, is essential to both individual as well as social progress (Mill, 66). Conformity keeps people from learning from each other and they are unable to approach their life in an appealing way. In his opinion, â€Å"the peculiar evil of silencing the expression of an opinion is, that it is robbing the human race,† (Mills, 19.) When contrasting Mill’s view on freedom with the Dutch philosopher Benedict de Spinozas’ view, there is a clear difference. Spinoza defined freedom as self-caused, which implied that only God can be free (Kisner, 8). He did not believe that humans could be free because we are not free from being determined by outside agents (McKinnon, 109). He also believed that finite things, such as a humans’ brain, could not make a choice that was not caused by external factors. In Spinoza’s IIp48 he asserted that â€Å"In the Mind there is no absolute, or free, will, but the Mind is determined to will this or that by a cause that is also determined by another, and this again by another, and so to infinity.† He did not believe in free will, because he strongly believed that something cannot be caused by nothing, therefore God is the only entity that is free, as he is not limited by outside agents (Kisner, 12). For example, an individual taking a sip of water could argue that they did so because they chose to do so. However external factors are involved as the choice to drink water could be because they wanted to prove that they have free will, which would be because they believed in free will. The individual could also have chosen to drink water because of thirst, which was caused by the individual’s body losing water, which could be a cause of playing sports in the hot sun, due to being part of a school sports team, and so on until infinity. Friedrich August Hayek, an Austro-Hungarian economist and philosopher, has an interesting similar yet opposing view from Mill’s. His view of freedom is when an individual is not a part of ‘coercion by the arbitrary will of another or others’ (Lukes, 160) but also that it is ‘not the absolute liberty to do as one pleases, rather it is a recognition of the necessity of law and morality in order to ensure that human interaction is cooperative and orderly,’ (Horwitz). For Hayek freedom depends on whether an individual can make his own individual decisions on what course of action to take, or whether somebody else uses power to manipulate this person’s choice of action, to make the individual act as they want them to (Lukes, 160). Hayek states that a society with law should try and maintain negative freedom, the freedom to not do anything prohibited and to avoid positive freedom, giving people the power to do things, which allows people to be absent from coercion, as there is no inequality in power under the law (Roberts). Hayek and Mill share the belief that freedom involves no coercion. An individual should not be manipulated or forced to do something that the individual did not decide himself. However Hayek and Mill disagree on the view of conformity. While Hayek states that law and morality are important for a society, Mill disagrees and says that it keeps individuals from progressing, and that it hurts a society as a whole. In conclusion, there are many philosophers who have contrasting as well as similar views on freedom as John Stuart Mill. Mill believes that a person is responsible for his or herself, the way the act, what their opinion is, and should not be interfered with unless the individual poses a threat to someone else. Bibliography MLA Cambridge University. â€Å"Definition of Freedom Noun from Cambridge Dictionary Online: Free English Dictionary and Thesaurus.† Cambridge Dictionary Online: Free English Dictionary and Thesaurus – Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University, 2010. 11 Sept. 2011. . Horwitz, Steven. â€Å"Hayek and Freedom.† The Freeman. May 2006. 13 Sept. 2011. . Kisner, Matthew J. Spinoza on Human Freedom: Reason, Autonomy and the Good Life. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2011. Lukes, Steven. Power: a Radical View. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. McKinnon, Catriona. Issues in Political Theory. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2008. Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty: 1859. 4th ed. London: Longman, Roberts & Green, 1869. < http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/mill/liberty.pdf> Roberts, Andrew. â€Å"Friedrich Hayek and Freedom.† Study More. Middlesex Universty, 2007. 13 Sept. 2011. .