Guidelines for Writing the Three Major Parts of the Literature Review Essay Example for Free

Guidelines for Writing the Three Major Parts of the literary works refreshen bear witnessThe introductory percentage should line the issue (problem theater of operations, guiding concept, theme or look into question or problem) that is being critiqueed. Aim for an eye catching opening denounce. Sometimes this is a dramatic rumination of a number to catch the readers attention much(prenominal) as the prevalence of a disease, crime rate, school drop out rate, or sales volume. Be sure the topic is rivet on the writings that get out be reported. Briefly regulate the headstone concepts. Introduce these flat.The topic should be sufficiently educationed to permit an in-depth, substantial investigation, relevant to an argona of advanced rent/global lead that guides a range of inquiry, results in an extensive bet of bookish literary productions, and generation of questions for further inquiry. The purpose of a books review is indicateed in the asylum. Bour ner (1996) reports the following(a) functions of a books review (reasons for a review of the writings) in the first place embarking on a look for project.These reasons imply to mark gaps in the writings to avoid reinventing the wheel (at the genuinely least this pull up stakes save time and it can stop you from making the same mistakes as others) to direct on from where others put up already r individuallyed (reviewing the reach allows you to build on the platform of existing neckledge and ideas) to post other people tempting in the same fields (a researcher net call on is a of import resource) to increase your breadth of knowledge of your subject bea to identify seminal works in your argona to provide the intellectual con text edition for your own work, enabling you to position your project relative to other work to identify opposing views to put your work into perspective to demonstrate that you can access previous work in an argona to identify infor mation and ideas that may be relevant to your project to identify methods that could be relevant to your project Bourner, T. (1996). The research process Four steps to success in T. Greenfield (Ed. ), Research methods centering for postgraduates (pp. 7-11). London Arnold. Retrieved 8-13-02 from Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology RMIT University http//www. lib. rmit. edu. au/tutorials/literature/litrev.html As you set out to define concepts (variables) and their relationships to other variables, if applicable, identify causal (in parasitic) variables and rigs (dependent variables). You may also identify other variables that can be contextual, intervening, or mediating (see Creswell, pp. 94-95 or other texts). After you introduce the topic ara properly (instructions follow), you will ramp up a succinct one-sentence purpose of the review. Three lessons of a concluding purpose statement in the overview areExample 1 The purpose of this review is to over life-sustainingly ana lyze the theoretical and empirical literature on web-based instruction as an instructional method in infinite education, with an emphasis on effectiveness studies that focus on instructional effectiveness, scholar disciplineing outcomes, retention, student perceptions of this method of course delivery, and to identify areas of early academic inquiry. In this example, the causal variable (independent) is instructional method of web-based instruction and the effects (dependent variable) are instructional effectiveness, student learning outcomes, retention, and student perceptions.Example 2 The purpose of this critical analysis of theoretical and empirical literature is to (a) examine historical and current literature to evaluate whether gender workplace bias exists (b) seek the take upake such a bias would put one over on women in the workplace, specifically women moving up the unified ladder and, (c) identify any theoretical or empirical gaps in the literature for the purpos e of suggesting future areas of studious inquiry. In this example, the causal variable (independent) is gender bias against women in the workplace and the effect (dependent variable) is mobility up the corporate ladder.Example 3 ( retrospect carefully) The purpose of this critical analysis of theoretical and empirical literature is explore the influence of organizational leadership and other factors on organizational slaying, in for-profit and non-for profit service organizations, and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. In this example, the causal variables (independent) are organizational leadership and other factors, contextual (intervening or mediating) variables are the instance of organization (product versus service) and profit/non-profit, and the effect (dependent variable) is organizational performance.Please none in create your purpose statement, that the purpose statement begins with The purpose of . and concludes with a statement link to identifying futu re areas of scholarly inquiry. 9 Instructions Writing An Overview and innovation (Follow precisely) * look back Blackboard fabrication 5. Use your information and faculty comments for strengthening, as a guide to develop your Overview and Purpose (see items 1-9 below). *Draft 1 is due Week 3. Review Forum 6. You will get a great start if you develop this well. 1. Using the template a.Develop a preliminary title for the Review and accept on the title page. The title should include the important concepts and themes (and/or notice theories) for this review. cerebrate this is a critical analysis of the literature non a research meditate In no area of this paper, should you refer to this Review of literature as a research study b. For the Introduction to the lit, insert a brief subtitle preceding the colon for the level heading ___ Overview and Purpose. 2. beneath the Overview and Purpose, introduce the paper with an eye catching opening sentence for the first paragraph. 3.Afte r the eye catching opening sentence, briefly describe the topic (problem area, guiding concept, theme). Get to the point dont allow the reader guess what the review is about a few sentences. 4. Next include brief definitions of each of the major concepts and cite references for these definitions in appropriate APA format. BE BRIEF this is not the literature scarce an introduction to it Anything you present in the introduction is developed in depth in the Review of the Literature. 5. Next, very briefly, attempt to identify how the literature explains these variables and their relationships to other variables.Include as some a(prenominal) as possible variables because this will answer in constructing a literature defend. The act will show relationships among the variables as you describe here. bulge out with the following The causal variables (independent are) The effects (dependent/outcome variables are Contextual (intervening or mediating) variables that further impact the dependent or outcome variables are . 6. Discuss how the topic area was identified and your reasons (point of view) for selecting the topic area to dispense your critical analysis of the literature.Review the Guidelines How to Start Select a Topic and Overview and Purpose, including purposes identified by Bourner (1996). let with the following The topic area of ____ was selected because___. 7. Explain what you motivation to know about the topic. Review Hart, 1999, p. 14 (Questions the Review Can Answer). Begin with the following Some questions to be answered through this critical analysis of the literature are 8. Answer the following Is the topic about the problems in a discipline or field of study, the processes in a discipline or field of study, or the practices in a discipline or field of study?Processes can refer to various epistemologic processes to develop knowledge (also See Hart, 1999, p. 14). Introduce this clearly so the reader knows what you are speaking about. Be gin with the following The problem area of is about 9. Conclude the Overview and Purpose with a clearly formulated statement of purpose of the literature review. Use the examples in the guidelines, as a guide to develop this. tie this clear (see examples in the previous lecture note).Begin with the following and include the ending The purpose of this .., and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. fundamental law of the Review, Scope, and program library Research Plan Organization of the Review Lecture Collect appropriate articles, read critically, identify concepts, theories, and themes, and think about the best focus to present your topic. Write these concepts, theories, and themes down (see your Blackboard forum 5 submission and instructor response. Develop a Literature occasion. This is a Content Map ( judgment Map or Mind Map) All students will allow a literature map that will guide the organization of the review and literature search.Build (draw) a opthalmic pic ture of the concepts and their relationships, which results in a literature map. These evolve from your topic, key concepts, ideas, theme, and/or purpose. Dont introduce untried information or concepts. It should first be introduced in the overview. The literature map is presented in-depth here. thither are many methods to organize the review, which often transmute as you learn more about the topic. Concept Mapping Representing information in diagram form where key wrangling are linked by lines. These lines are then labeled to express the relationship between the terms.The resulting map shows links between key ideas and can then be read through to clarify relationships between key terms. a. Definition and Purpose of a Literature Map. This map is a visual/graphic representation of concepts, ideas, and themes that serve to guide thinking. In this case, the purpose is to guide the search and organizational presentation of your review. This map serves to i. Develop ideas for your re view ii. Show relationships and interrelationships between the concepts, theories, and themes and if so, what type of relationships iii.Assist in organizing old knowledge and integrating it with peeled knowledge iv. Guide your literature search plan/ schema v. send subtitles (subheadings) to organize your literature review so that you can elapse your ideas systematically. vi. A literature/content map is a creative, intuitive, and artistic endeavor to see how things fit to suffer alternatives. It is also analytical and critical, based on what you are finding in the literature. REVIEW THESE LINKS A simplified explanation of understanding of a Content map is described in the following uniform resource locator web link http//users.edte. utwente. nl/lanzing/cm_home. htm b.Various types of Graphic or Visual Organizers (review this online. Click each box) (you need to have the syllabus downloaded and Internet connection on) Chain of Events Clustering Compare/Contrast Continuum Cy cle Family Tree Fishbone interaction Outline Problem/Solution Spider Storyboard Venn Diagram Source http//www. sdcoe. k12. ca. us/score/actbank/sorganiz. htm Other web sites Graphic or Visual Organizers Graphic or Visual Organizers A good site review this online by clicking link. http//edservices. aea7.k12. ia. us/edtech/classroom/workshops/organizers. html http//www. cast. org/ncac/index. cfm? i=3015 http//www. veale. com. au/phd/files/Lit_Map. pdf Some diagrams of content maps are render in the following URL web link http//trochim. human. cornell. edu/research/epp2/epp2. htmTable1 Free Mind Mapping software (Smart Draw) http//www. smartdraw. com/specials/mindmapping. asp? id=13054 Readings on Mapping Ideas See Hart, 1999, pp. 142-162 Blackboards Assignments Toolbar See example of literature maps in Assignments Weeks 1-8 Literature Review (Critical Analysis) 50%.Within this folder is information on PowerPoint Presentation and Student Examples. most of the student examples i nclude literature maps for RES 702 (RES600) students. Organizing the review of the literature by themes, theories, or major concepts and related concepts provides a frame for the central topic to organize. In this case, you may proceed inductively or deductively. http//trochim. human. cornell. edu/kb/dedind. htm use in Deductive/Inductive thinking http//www2. sjsu. edu/depts/itl/graphics/induc/ind-ded. html3bFor example, a deductive approach cleverness start with the broader view or concept(s) then move to the specific topic area. Example FOLLOWS A literature map (Figure 1) is apply to guide the subroutine library search for theoretical and empirical literature about distance learning. The map shows a deductive pattern of the major themes, using an interaction line style type of graphic organizer. Beginning with the broadest concept of distance education, web-based instruction interacts with student characteristics, which leads to evaluation of effectiveness of web-based instruct ion in distance education.. . . Other concepts and their relationships to guide the review are . . . Other Organizational Methodologies for Reviews While RES 702 students are asked to develop literature maps that serve to organize the review, with more scholarly experience and depending upon the topic, you could also present the Review using an opposing view or methodo logical approach. This is not inquireed now. c. The literature map generates an system for the Review of the Literature Review Why do an Outline, and Basic Outlining skills http//www. und. edu/instruct/wstevens/PROPOSALCLASS/PATRAS.html http//www. mnstate. edu/wasson/ed603/ed603lesson5. htm An precis provides a blueprint, skeleton, or a roadmap for the last(a) written review. An outline is an organizational process that is a logical description of the important components of the literature review. It provides a visual and conceptual design for writing. 1. Identify the main points in the order they should be presen ted. 2. Differentiate each main heading into logical subheadings. 3. Use further subdivisions if necessary. IT IS strongly SUGGESTED THAT YOU INCLUDE A SECTION ON MEASUREMENT OF YOUR MAJOR VARIABLES.REPORT SOME OF THE MAJOR METHODS, TOOLS, OR INSTRUMENTS THAT HAVE BEEN USED IN PRIOR STUDIES TO MEASURE THE KEY CONCEPTS IN YOUR OUTLINE. Notice in the outline that follows, a sub-level heading is measurement of leadership and organizational performance. In the Review of the Literature section, you would then describe the tools whether qualitative or quantitative, and reliability, validity (quantitative tools), and trustworthiness of qualitative tools. Run a Proquest or Google search such as measurement leadership.This saves you time in the QP and literature in the dissertation where you need to know how your variables have been studied and measured. It is best to have MORE detail in these themes. You can always change later. Example of an Outline (Let us say that the following concepts are present in the literature map which could be Chain of Events, Clustering, or Interaction Outline. This is an example of an outline (quite detailed). It includes the major concepts that can be used for the literature search, and the outline is placed in the 2nd ruin of this Review (Review of the Literature) to organize how to present the literature. leading Classical, Progressive, Risk Leadership Theories Traits and Characteristics of Leaders Leadership, Power and Influence Gender and Equity Issues in Leadership charge Cultural Issues and Leadership Developing team ups Leading Organizational Change Organizational Leadership Development strategic Leadership Leadership Measurement Organizational doing Dimensions of Organizational Performance Organizational Climate several(prenominal) Performance Team Performance Supplier/Vendor Perspectives Customer gratification Financial Performance persuasiveness Indicators Performance Driven Organizations Competency ModelingManaging Perf ormance 360 Degree Feedback Collaborative Change Organizational Performance Measurement Output (Activities) and Outcome (Results) Measures Factors Influencing Organizational Performance Leadership and Performance of Organizations Leadership Style and Team Performance Leadership Style and Organizational Outcomes Leadership Style and Vendor/Supplier and Customer Satisfaction Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Organizational Effectiveness 7 Instructions for Writing the Organization of the Review Do not present literature that you reviewed here. Just respond to questions 1-7.1. After you design the literature map, begin with the statement A literature map (Figure 1) is used to guide the library search for theoretical and empirical literature in this review about ___. 1. Next, describe the specific type of organizer that you used to design your map (for example, cluster, set up of events, cycle, etc). To do this, you need to review this syllabus on line, and click the different URL links of examples of visual or graphic organizers (review preceding lecture which provides several types). 2. Identify the specific the concepts, theories, and themes that are in your literature map. 3.Next, briefly, describe the relationships between these concepts, theories and themes (such as what leads to what? Which are the causal, outcome and/or intervening variables? Are the concepts organised inductively or deductively? This all refers to the concepts, theories, and themes in your literature map. 4. Next explain that in accompaniment to guiding the literature search, the literature map serves to identify themes, theories, and concepts that will organize the Literature Review. Present these theories, concepts, and themes in outline form, differentiating each main heading into logical subheadings. (Keep it simple).5. Due for draft 1, go to the next major section (Review of the Literature) insert these themes/concepts as level headings/sublevel headings in outline form. They serve to organize the Review of the Literature. Use appropriate APA (see p. 113 of APA) level headings. An example using APA level headings, is shown in the next major section of these guidelines. The concepts and themes for the example, uses the outline of themes previously discussed (leadership and organizational performance). 6. inject the Figure 1, Literature Map at the end of this discussion of the Organization of the Review ( onwards Scope and Context).a. Make sure that you develop your literature map in a software application that can be copied and pasted into your Microsoft word document containing your paper. b. Make sure the map is an appropriate size and fits within the required paper margins. c. The Figure and , and Title (Literature Map) belong at the bottom, centered Figure 1 Literature Map Your goal is to have the map well-developed in draft 1 and finalized in (draft 2). It is expected that this map will change as you tighten and organize your lit erature review in the next section as well as well as in your passage paper. ameliorate this part with each new draft (and particularly as your literature map evolves). Scope and Context Lecture This section lets the reader know what is and is not included in your literature review ( background signal). The topic is described in such a way that an appropriate context for the review of the literature is established, in a meaningful, logical way. The key terms here are included/excluded. You can restate the theories, concepts and constructs that you will include and obvious theories, concepts and constructs you wont include ( wait on at your problem and topic area).Identify what might be included in the search in terms of types of organizations (public/private for-profit, not for profit service/product types of businesses, types of educational institutions) populations such as young versus old gender cultural groups countries or type of occupation. The major types of scholarly litera ture to review are empirical studies, review articles (critical analysis), theoretical articles/books, methodological articles, and case studies.These types of literature may be in the form of a book, hard copy journal articles, and electronic journal articles. The following are different types and forms of literature Periodical Abstract in a primary source, Abstract in a secondary winding source, Periodical (hard copy), Periodical (electronic), Non-periodical (Book), Non-periodical (chapter in a book), Proceeding of meetings or symposia, Doctoral Dissertations (including abstracts), Unpublished work, Audio-Visuals, Newspaper, administration documents, and Electronic Media.5 Instructions for Writing the Scope and Context 1. As you write this, discuss what is and is not included. Regarding the topic or problem area, discuss what is and is not included in terms of concepts/theories, applications to different populations and settings. 1. Identify the forms (not types) of publications that are included. You dont need to name specific articles, but identify the forms of literature to be included. 2. Identify the discipline(s) you are focusing in (e. g. , education, health, business, criminal justice, accounting, sociology)?Included specialized areas within these disciplines, such as gender theories in sociology, accounting ethics, special education for specified populations, urban violence, etc. 3. Identify the scope in terms of the years (period of time) that your literature review covers and exclusions. 5. Discuss whether you are limiting your review to U. S. literature, and/or Global literature. For global literature, identify the countries. If seminal books are emphasized, include the titles. Refine this part with each new draft (and particularly as your literature expands).Library Research Plan and Strategy Lecture THIS IS THE PLAN, NOT THE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE The review is presented in the second major section (Review of the Literature) hunt clubing th e Literature A good review of the literature is dependent upon knowledge of the use of indexes and abstracts, the ability to conduct exhaustive bibliographical searches, and ability to organize the collected data meaningfully. Information literacy skills take care with information seeking and retrieval methods and scholarly communication. Recognize scholarly and peer reviewed journals (See Week 1 Lecture).The e-Learning tutorials about Lynn Library can assist research students with the development of literature reviews using electronic databases, abstracts, bibliographic software, Internet searching, Library catalogue searching, subject resources, off-campus searching, and research and writing skills. You need to complete the tutorials. Library Research Plan/Strategy In reporting your library plan/strategy, identify concepts, themes (key words) or descriptors and search the relevant databases for research on your topic. Be tenacious with the Literature map concepts and themes.Foc us your search on primary scholarly works including empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological inquiry. Recognize the differences between these types of scholarly inquiry. Review dissertation abstracts. Did you do a Lynn Library catalog search on the topic (at Lynn)? Did you search selected journals? Did you limit the search to peer-review journals? Did you limit the search to certain years? If you are having difficulty in your library search, you may mould an appointment with the Reference Librarian who may assist in building effective search strategies.When visiting the Library, you should come prepared with your search words. Requesting Materials It is suggested that you read the abstracts before requesting the materials from the Librarian, because certain abstracts may provide enough information to help you make a decision on the materials relevance. Expect that you will obtain more literature than you will need to include in your literature review. Quantity, however, is not as important as selecting appropriate literature, that is of value and relevant.While many published review articles may have more than 100 cited references, due to time constraints in the course, the antepast is a nominal of 20 relevant, scholarly point of references in the text of your paper. Do not go overboard. Quality and relevance is what counts. Dont use references from consulting firms or firms that are promoting their products or services. Look for scholarly publications. Types and Forms of Literature Minimum Requirements i. The preference is that you review a variety of types and forms of literature so that you many learn to ii.Search for and evaluate different types and forms information iii. Integrate a variety of types information in the text of your paper iv. Recognize classic (seminal) works as well as current literature portray yourself time to read the material do not make a library request for everything at once. Readings Search Strategy workshe et http//library. humboldt. edu/infoservices/sstrawrksht. htm http//www. noodletools. com/debbie/literacies/information/5locate/adviceengine. html http//www. lynn. edu/clientuploads/Library/Graduatestudentsmanual. doc11 Instructions for Writing the Library Research Plan and Strategy In a Review, a discussion of the plan or strategy you used to develop your literature search is presented. Dont discuss what you will do, but quite a what you did. 1. Identify the descriptors (concepts, themes, theories, phrases/key words) used to search the relevant databases for research on your topic. Include themes or groups of words used in the search plan. Add the terms theory or research to your themes when you are searching. You should uses many themes to limit the search.Example of a theme for a library search leadership organizational performance research. Try to include several themes. 2. Report databases used in your library search. 3. mention which of the following types of primary scholar ly works were reviewed empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological inquiry (aim to obtain all of these)? 4. Were secondary citations of references used in your paper? Explain Why? Review APA p. 247 to understand a secondary citation of a source. Remember that these need to be limit. In your dissertation, you need to mostly use primary sources of literature.Remember that if you report literature from secondary sources in your paper use (as cited in __). 5. Explain if you reviewed dissertation abstracts (yes/no). If so, on what topics, which abstracts? You should use these. 6. Explain if you did a Library catalog search on the topic (at Lynn or where? ) Yes/ or no 7. Provide the titles of the key journals reviewed. (Put these titles in Italics). 8. Indicated whether or not you limited the search to peer-reviewed journals? 9. Indicate if you limited the search to certain years? If so, which years? 10. Refer the reader to the example of a library Search Print-out that you will place in Appendix A.11. Report any problems encountered in your library search and how these problems were managed. Refine this part with each new draft. Interest, Significance, and Rationale for the Critical Analysis Lecture In this last part of the introduction to the literature review, you explain the importance and significance of the Review that will follow. As you read more, you will find more rationale as to why this review is important. Provide a transition sentence from this Introduction to the Review of the Literature. Then end with a statement that explains how the Review will conclude in the Discussion section.Example of concluding statement As an emerging method of instructional delivery in higher education, and one that continually evolves with the growth in technology, it is important to understand its impact on learning, retention, instruction, and students. This critical analysis of the literature concludes with a summary and interpretation of theoretical, empirical, and methodological literature, conclusions, and recommendations for future scholarly inquiry into web-based instruction in distance education. 4 Instructions for Writing the Interest, Significance, and Rationale for the Critical Analysis 1.Discuss if the topic is of limited interest, regional, national, or perhaps of global interest? Explain why? You can include personalised interest based on experience and potential applications. 2. Describe why it is worth studying (or examining)? 3. Indicate that the presentation of the Review of the Literature follows 4. Develop a concluding statement (see example above, in lecture) to the effect that a synopsis and interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are presented at the end of the review in the discussion section. Refine this part with each new draft. Review of the Literature About ___ (add your topic)Lecture This is the second major part of this critical analysis. This has a long lecture. Now is the time to write you r in-depth Literature Review. You laid the foundations for this section in the Introduction to the Review, to organize your review according to those themes. Present the theoretical literature (theories, model, constructs, concepts) about those themes, and empirical literature (studies) regarding those themes, in a proper stylus. Follow the instructions (see presenting theoretical literature, and presenting empirical literature) in this Review of the Literature section.If you present the literature appropriately in this body of the review, then you will have information to present in the Discussion of the Literature. If you dont, this Review falls apart. Only literature presented in this Review of the Literature can be analyzed in the next section, Discussion of the Literature. You will save a stitch in time, if you follow instructions and learn how to present theories, and how to present studies, including the authors stated limitations and recommendations for future inquiry, in addition to your critique of those studies. General comments The theoretical and empirical literature is summarized, analyzed, evaluated, and synthesized in a more in-depth coherent manner within organized headings and sublevel headings. Specifically, information pertaining to theoretical, empirical, methodological, critical review, and case studies about the topic is reported. As reported previously, expect that you will obtain more literature than you will need to include in your literature review. Quantity, however, is not as important as selecting appropriate literature to present, that is of value and relevant.While many published Review articles may have more than 100 cited references, due to time constraints in the course, the expectation is a minimum of 20 relevant, scholarly citations in the text of your paper. This will increase to 50 references in the qualifying paper. It certainly isnt unusual to have over 100 references in a dissertation. Do not go overboard. Quality an d relevance is what counts. Dont use references from consulting firms or firms that are promoting their products or services. Look for scholarly publications. As you present literature in your word document, it is okay to talk to yourself.Make notes in the document to your self. You can use different font colors or highlights for these messages to yourself. o Perhaps you want to leave a message to yourself to review a particular article that you didnt yet have the chance to review, or o you want to search another theme. o Or you read an article, but didnt have a chance yet to write about it jot down notes o Use the word file as a tool where you keep all information in one place. You will find this technique very helpful in developing the qualifying paper, and in developing the your dissertation.The instructor does not mind (and in fact encourages you do to this, even in final copies0. Just make the messages neat and not to distracting) Of utmost importance, is that you present you r review appropriately. Practice doing it correctly immediately or you will be WASTING time (having to redo it later). Your review must be organized within the headings/sublevel headings. Insert the outline developed in the Introduction to the Review. Make sure that the outline is consistent with the organization of themes, concepts add theories in your literature map. It is ok if you reorganize or rename the themes, but make the changes if the Organization of the R (and literature map, in the prior section). You want the Introduction to the Review, Review of the Literature, and the Discussion section all to be internally consistent with one another. Instructions follow on how to present critically present, theoretical and empirical literature. FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS. Quotations and Paraphrasing and Critical Analysis This is a literature review, and not your opinion.